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Ancient Rome Notes Essential Questions: 1. Describe the social structure of Rome. 2. What is the difference between the Centuriate and Tribal Assemblies? 3. What were the Twelve Tables? 4. What was the major result of the Punic Wars? Roman Republic Social Structure Patricians rich landowners who inherited their power and social status; held most of the power in Rome Plebeians commoners, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population; citizens who could vote, could not hold important government positions Slaves captured peoples during the wars; made to work on the latifundia, huge estates; were one-third of the population Citizenship -Patricians and plebeians were both considered citizens, however voting rights were granted only to free-born male citizens -Slaves in Rome were not considered citizens and had no rights in the government Features of Democracy Executive (Two Consuls) similar to kings, they commanded the army and directed the government; power was limited because their term was only one year long and the a consul could not be re-elected for ten years; one consul could always override, or veto, the other’s decisions Legislative a. Senate 300 members, chosen from the upper class of Roman society, later plebeians were allowed in the senate; membership was for life b. Centuriate Assembly all citizen-soldiers were members; a patriciancontrolled assembly appointed the consuls and made laws; it had less power than the Senate c. Tribal Assembly an assembly organized by the plebeians; elected the tribunes and made laws for the common people; later it won the right to make laws for the republic Legal Code plebeians forced the creation of a written law code; the laws were carved on twelve tablets, or table and hung in the Forum; the Twelve Tables established the idea that all free citizens had a right to the protection of the law -assembled an army of 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 60 elephants with the intent of capturing Rome -invaded northern Italy and lived off the land -killed huge numbers of Romans in the First Punic War and won his greatest victory at Cannae -to surprise the Romans, Hannibal led his Carthaginian army on a long trek from Spain across France and through the Alps -were stopped from capturing Rome Punic Wars -killed during the Second Punic War -left the Carthage warriors with no leader and led to their loss at Zama -Roman general, Scipio, led the attack -during the Third Punic War, Carthage was no longer a threat to Rome, but Rome wanted to revenge all their deaths in Italy during the First Punic War -Romans set the city on fire and sold 50,000 citizens into slavery Rome conquered lands along the Eastern Mediterranean Spread Greco-Roman culture (conquered Greece & Macedonia) Expanded trade Changed the character of the Roman army (guard large territory) Created great wealth Essential Questions: 1. Why did Rome experience a period of civil war? 2. How did Caesar reform Rome (three reforms)? 3. What happened to Caesar? 4. Who was the first emperor of Rome? From Republic to Empire Republic Rome grew rapidly, and growth brought political, economic, and social changes. Decline of Republic -Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus attempted to help Rome’s poor by proposing reforms -Senators felt threatened and violently killed both brothers -generals recruited soldiers by promising land, which divided loyalty among troops -bloody civil war broke out - Julius Caesar Takes Control Joined forces with Crassus and Pompey to become elected as consul - Led his troops to conquer Gaul and shared in the hardships of war with his men, which won their loyalty and devotion - He became very popular, but disobeyed the Senate’s order to return home - This move led to civil war in Rome between Julius Caesar and Pompey - Julius was then appointed dictator for life - He expanded the senate, granted Roman citizenship to many people in the provinces, helped the poor by creating jobs, especially through the construction of new public buildings, and started colonies where the landless could own land and increased pay for soldiers - Senators began to fear losing their influence, and a few plotted his assassination - On March 15, 44 B.C.E., they stabbed him to death in the senate chamber Birth of an Empire - After Caesar’s death, civil war broke out again and destroyed what was left of the Roman Republic - Three of Caesar’s supporters joined together to crush the assassins; Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus - The Second Triumvirate ended in jealousy and violence; Lepidus retired and Octavian and Antony became enemies - Octavian defeated the combined forces of Antony and Cleopatra at Actium - He then became the unchallenged ruler of Rome and accepted the title of Augustus or “exalted one” and became the first emperor of Rome