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Answer Sheet: Module 3 Social Influence and Ethics Test:
Q1. Crutchfield = 'yielding to group pressure'
Q2. Zimbardo and Lieppe = '..a change in belief or behaviour in response to real or imagined group pressure nor
any reason to justify the behaviour change'.
Q3. Group Pressure/Pressure exerted by those groups that are important to the individual at a given
time/Conformity is yielding to real or imagined group pressure
Q4. Explanation of Sherif study - aims, findings/results, answers given on own then in group/ individuals
converged into the group.
Q5. Brown (1996) raises more questions than provides answers/ what sense were they in a group/ group
norms/joint activity.
Q6.Asch thought the study was too ambiguous/ best to measure conformity with an easier task.
Q7. Asch's study - 4 major points needed.
Q8. Asch paradigm - (pg110 G&M)
Q9. Wanted to act in accordance with the experimenter/wanted to convey a favourable impression of
themselves/some genuinely doubted their own judgement/some denied being aware of being given the wrong
answer's/didn't want to look inferior/some went along with the answers of the majority/potential of ridicule.
Q10. Group Size/Unanimity/Task difficulty/Gender and Individual differences.
Q11. Indian teachers in Fiji conformed the highest/Students were lower than non-students/Japanese students
who knew conformed more than those who didn't.
Q12.The majority
Q13. Spencer and Perrin - ask if reports of Asch's experiments have overstated the power of the majority to force
minority individuals to agree with the obviously mistaken judgements.
Q14.Moscovici and Faucheux (1972) argue that it is more useful to think of the naive participants the majority
and the stooges as the minority.
Q15.Moscovic (1976) reanalysed data from Asch's experiment finding that when there were more critical than
neutral trials, the stooges appeared more consistent as a group, producing a higher rate of conformity.
Q16. Hogg and Vaughan - disrupt majority norm/draw attention to itself as an entity/convey the existence of an
alternative point of view/shows that the only solution to the current conflict is the one given by the minority.
Q17. ISI = people believe in the superior knowledge or judgement of others, leading to change their private
opinion.
Q18. NSI = you want to be liked by the group, not changing your private opinion.
Q19. The 2 types of conformity related to NSI and ISI = internalisation an compliance
Q20.The distinction between NSI and ISI = the dual process model.
Q21. 4 differences between obedience and conformity =
Obedience occurs within a hierarchy, the actor feels the person above has the right to prescribe behaviour. Links
one status to another/behaviour adopted differs from behaviour of authority figure/participants embrace
obedience as an explanation for their behaviour.
Conformity regulates the behaviour among those of an equal status/behaviour adopted is similar to that of
peers/requirement of going along with the group is often implicit/participant deny conformity as an explanation for
their behaviour.
Q22. Describe Milgram's experiment ( 4 main points)
Q23. Situational factors in obedience = personal responsibility/perception of legitimate authority/not knowing
how to disobey/socialisation
Q24.Describe Hofling's experiment
Q25. How can obedience be reduced - environment in less authoritative place/experimenter giving orders
indirectly/doing the experiment with confederates refusing to give shocks.
Q26. Criticisms of Milgram's study = unrepresentative sample/more male participants used/some believed that
they really weren't hurting the 'learner'/obedience could have been because of demand characteristics/crosscultural differences/lacks ecological validity/
Q27. How can we resist obedience = we will not rebel if our freedom is under threat/can educate people about
the dangers of blind obedience/encourage them to question authority/
Q28. Zimbardo's' experiment - 4 main points
Q29. Ethical guidelines in psychology and explain Consent - participants have to informed of the nature of the study, and all other aspects of the study which might
influence their willingness to participate
Deception - participants should be told of the purpose of the study, and deception should be avoided wherever
possible
Debriefing - steps must be taken to ensure that the participants leave the experimental situation in the same
state that they entered it in. And post-experimental briefing must be used.
Protection of participants - the investigator has the responsibility to protect his partic's from any psychological or
emotional harm.
Q31. The ethical concerns with the experiments - Milgram - deception/protection of participants
Zimbardo - protection of participants/did they give consent to being so mistreated?