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REVIEW SHEET MODERN GENETICS ANSWERS 1. Multiples alleles- 3 or more forms of a gene for a particular trait. Blood type is a trait controlled by a gene with multiple alleles. 2 Traits controlled by multiple genes include skin color and height. 3. At least 4 genes affect a person’s height as well as environmental factors. 4. XX- female XY- Male 5. Recessive allele carried on X chromosome. More common in males because a male only has one X chromosome so if they get one allele they have the disease, females however need to have 2 recessive in order to get the disorder. 6. A pedigree is a chart that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait. They can be used to see how likely it is that offspring will inherit a certain trait. 7. Child’s blood could be type B or O. IB or iO parents could have IB/IB, IB/iO, or iO/iO. 8. Genetic disorders can be caused by recessive alleles, codominant alleles, recessive allele on X chromosome, a mutation or a change in the structure or number of chromosomes. 9. Cystic Fibrosis- recessive allele on one chromosome caused by a mutation. Produces unusually thick mucus in the lungs and intestines. Hemophilia- recessive allele on the X chromosome. Blood clots very slowly or not at all due to not producing a protein necessary for normal blood clotting. Down Syndrome- caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. (Chromosomes did not separate during meiosis). Causes mental retardation. Sickle-Cell disease- allele for abnormal cells is codominant with normal cell allele. Effect is abnormal shaped red blood cells that don’t carry as much oxygen and can clog blood vessels. 10. A Karyotype is a picture of all of the chromosomes in a cell. 11. A carrier is a person who has one recessive allele for a trait (hybrid) but does not have the trait. 12. The DNA sequence that produces insulin can be inserted into bacterial cell so the bacteria and its offspring produces insulin. (diagram pg 126 in textbook) 13. Cloning involves using a body cell inserted into an egg cell with its nucleus removed to produce an organism with the same genes as the organism it was produced from. 14. The Human Genome project identified the DNA sequence of every gene in the human genome. This knowledge may allow scientists to use genetic engineering techniques to cure genetic disorders or other health problems. 15. Inbreeding is selective breeding involving crossing 2 organisms with similar characteristics to produce offspring with desired characteristics. Hybridization is selective breeding where 2 organisms with different genetic characteristics are bred to combine the best characteristics of both. 16. Species-A group of organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring. 17. Variations- differences in traits between members of a species. 18. Evolution- The change in a species over time. 19. Adaptation- Any trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce. 20. Natural selection- The process where organisms that are best adapted survive and reproduce. The offspring of these organisms are more likely to have the same traits as their parents causing the beneficial traits to become more common in the species.