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Chap 11: Nucleic Acids Supplemental Instruction Iowa State University Leader: ADAM Course: BIO 212 (3) Instructor: Kemdirim Date: Exam will cover chapters 5,6,7,8 and11. Resources to utilize: Lecture notes Book chapters also end of chapter summaries and questions. Learn Smart Mcgraw connect questions Nucleic Acids I. Describe the characteristics of DNA that allow it to fulfill its genetic role i. Informative- DNA has information to make an entire organism ii. Replication- Genetic material must be accurately copied iii. Transmission- Genetic material must be able to be passed from parent to offspring. iv. Variation- Differences in genetic materials must account for variations within a species. II. _________ are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. (if you don’t know this I dis-own you as my SI students : ) nucleotides III. What are the 3 components of the answer above? Phosphate, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base IV. How does two strands of DNA (remember they are in opposite directions) bind to each other to form a double helix? Hydrogen bonding V. DNA associates with proteins (histones) to form __________. The complete compliment of organism’s genetic material is known as its ____________. Chromosomes, genome. VI. 5 different bases are divided into two groups. Name the two groups and the bases that are in each group. Purine: A G (double ring) Pyrimidine’s GUT (single ring) VII. Numbering a. In sugar, carbon atoms are numbered (clockwise/ counterclockwise). b. Numbering starts where on the sugar? Carbon atoms on the right of oxygen c. The base is attached to which carbon atom? 1 d. The phosphate is attached to which carbon atom? Which carbon atom does an attaching phosphate link to? e. What is the directionality of DNA? f. What forms the backbone of DNA? Sugar and phosphate Supplemental Instruction 1060 Hixson-Lied Student Success Center 294-6624 www.si.iastate.edu Structure of DNA/RNA Strand I. Nucleotides are __________ attached to each other in linear form. Covalently II. Linkage is by what type of bond? Phosphoester (covalent bond between phosphate and oxygen III. ______________ bond- phosphate group links 2 sugars phosphodiester IV. The backbone has (positive,negative) charge because of the (positive,negative) charge of phosphate. Both neg V. In DNA (5’ or 3’) end is the phosphate and (5’ or 3’) is hydroxyl. Who solved the structure of DNA? Francis Crick and James Watson Who used X-ray diffractions to suggest DNA was a helical structure? Rosalind Franklin What did Erwin Chargaff accomplish? Analyzed base composition and found A=T and G=C Complete the complementary strand of this example (noting directionality): 5’ATCGTCGATCGGGTA 3’ 3’ TAGCAGCTAGCCCAT 5’ DNA REPLICATION I. What are the three possible models that were suggested? i. Semi Conservative (new double stranded DNA contain one parental strand and one daughter strand) ii. Conservative Mechanism (both parental strands in the DNA remain together) iii. Dispersive Mechanism (segments of parental DNA and new DNA are interspersed in both strands) II. Meselson and Stahl experiment a. Used an isotope of which element? N b. What are the two isotopes and which is heavy and which it light? N14 L N15 H c. E. Coli were cultured on a medium with Which isotope? N 15 d. The cells were then switched to medium with Isotope _______. N14 This allowed new DNA to be labeled by _____ and orginal DNA labeled by ______ N 14, N15 e. After centrifuge, describe where DNA with heavy nitrogen, light nitrogen would be and where DNA with both would be. III. Results: After round one of replication, all DNA were? Half heavy These results were consistent with which theories? C/SC After the second round of DNA replication, what was observed? Both light and heavy Consistent with which theory?