Virp1 Is a Host Protein with a Major Role in Potato - IMBB
... a target of posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in infected plants (19, 32). Double-stranded intermediates are presumably present in the nucleus only during replication. However, PSTVd-derived short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were shown to accumulate in the cytoplasm but not in the nucleus (3). ...
... a target of posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in infected plants (19, 32). Double-stranded intermediates are presumably present in the nucleus only during replication. However, PSTVd-derived short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were shown to accumulate in the cytoplasm but not in the nucleus (3). ...
Pathway Analysis using Partek Genomics Suite® 6.6 and Partek
... used. While you will intuitively want to sort by the Enrichment Score (indeed Pathway sorts by this column as the default option) this can sometimes be misleading. For example, if the number of genes in the entire pathway is small it only takes a few genes being differentially expressed to give a hi ...
... used. While you will intuitively want to sort by the Enrichment Score (indeed Pathway sorts by this column as the default option) this can sometimes be misleading. For example, if the number of genes in the entire pathway is small it only takes a few genes being differentially expressed to give a hi ...
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... facilitates the integration and processing of synaptic and sensory input. Although studies in Drosophila and vertebrate systems have identified a variety of factors that regulate dendrite branch formation, the molecular mechanisms that control this process remain poorly defined. Here, we introduce t ...
... facilitates the integration and processing of synaptic and sensory input. Although studies in Drosophila and vertebrate systems have identified a variety of factors that regulate dendrite branch formation, the molecular mechanisms that control this process remain poorly defined. Here, we introduce t ...
Transgenic Plastids in Basic Research and Plant Biotechnology
... Figure 1. Generation of tobacco plants with transgenic chloroplasts. (a) Selection for chloroplast transformants. Following biolistic bombardment, sterile tobacco leaves are cut into small pieces and exposed to spectinomycin-containing plant regeneration medium. (b) After incubation for four weeks, ...
... Figure 1. Generation of tobacco plants with transgenic chloroplasts. (a) Selection for chloroplast transformants. Following biolistic bombardment, sterile tobacco leaves are cut into small pieces and exposed to spectinomycin-containing plant regeneration medium. (b) After incubation for four weeks, ...
Article On the Complexity of Chloroplast RNA
... Most of these genes are required specifically for splicing of only one of the two split introns. At least seven genes are essential for trans-splicing of the first intron, some of which are necessary for processing of tscA from a polycistronic precursor (Hahn et al. 1998; Rivier 2000; Balczun et al. ...
... Most of these genes are required specifically for splicing of only one of the two split introns. At least seven genes are essential for trans-splicing of the first intron, some of which are necessary for processing of tscA from a polycistronic precursor (Hahn et al. 1998; Rivier 2000; Balczun et al. ...
Sequence analysis of the Marburg virus nucleoprotein gene
... Fig. 2. Specificity of cDNA clones, MBG mRNAs and sequencing of the 5' end of the MBG NP mRNA. (a) Northern blot hybridization of 32P-labelled probes (nick translation) generated from eDNA clones MV-88 and MV-17 (see Fig. 1) to lanes of RNA resolved by electrophoresisin an acid-urea-agarose (1-5~) g ...
... Fig. 2. Specificity of cDNA clones, MBG mRNAs and sequencing of the 5' end of the MBG NP mRNA. (a) Northern blot hybridization of 32P-labelled probes (nick translation) generated from eDNA clones MV-88 and MV-17 (see Fig. 1) to lanes of RNA resolved by electrophoresisin an acid-urea-agarose (1-5~) g ...
Constitutive expression of RyhB regulates the heme biosynthesis
... and DALRA and no citrate was detected in the fermentation broth of either strain. In E. coli, the transcription of ryhB is activated under iron-limitation conditions, which makes the mRNA of sdhCDAB unstable (Masse & Gottesman, 2002). Artificial overexpression of ryhB probably destabilized the mRNA ...
... and DALRA and no citrate was detected in the fermentation broth of either strain. In E. coli, the transcription of ryhB is activated under iron-limitation conditions, which makes the mRNA of sdhCDAB unstable (Masse & Gottesman, 2002). Artificial overexpression of ryhB probably destabilized the mRNA ...
Histones - scientia.global
... shown, the cleavage of metazoan replicationdependent histone pre-mRNAs occurs by a different mechanism, which is not followed by the addition of a poly(A) tail. For histone pre-mRNAs, two sequence elements are required for processing, the stem-loop and the histone downstream element (HDE), and the c ...
... shown, the cleavage of metazoan replicationdependent histone pre-mRNAs occurs by a different mechanism, which is not followed by the addition of a poly(A) tail. For histone pre-mRNAs, two sequence elements are required for processing, the stem-loop and the histone downstream element (HDE), and the c ...
Strategies in the interfield discovery of the mechanism of protein
... studying interrelationships with ribonucleic acid from the other side. It has become quite clear that ribonucleic acid is the connecting link between the hereditary message of the gene and its enzymic expression (Zamecnik, 1962a, p. 47). These molecular biologists and biochemists differed from each ...
... studying interrelationships with ribonucleic acid from the other side. It has become quite clear that ribonucleic acid is the connecting link between the hereditary message of the gene and its enzymic expression (Zamecnik, 1962a, p. 47). These molecular biologists and biochemists differed from each ...
Depleting Gene Activities in Early Drosophila Embryos
... maternal–zygotic transition, maternal products are degraded and gene expression comes under the control of the zygotic genome. To interrogate the function of mRNAs that are both maternally and zygotically expressed, it is common to examine the embryonic phenotypes derived from female germline mosaic ...
... maternal–zygotic transition, maternal products are degraded and gene expression comes under the control of the zygotic genome. To interrogate the function of mRNAs that are both maternally and zygotically expressed, it is common to examine the embryonic phenotypes derived from female germline mosaic ...
Protein_synthesis__my_version_
... • 10. The new tRNA brings in a new amino acid dictated by the next mRNA codon. It sits in the A site (site for new tRNA entrants). Enzymes in the large subunit of the ribosome cause the new amino acid to join to the already existing polypeptide (which was in the P site). The new tRNA that brought in ...
... • 10. The new tRNA brings in a new amino acid dictated by the next mRNA codon. It sits in the A site (site for new tRNA entrants). Enzymes in the large subunit of the ribosome cause the new amino acid to join to the already existing polypeptide (which was in the P site). The new tRNA that brought in ...
No Slide Title
... Regulating transcription Telling RNA pol to copy a DNA sequence Transcription factors bind promoters & control initiation of transcription 1/signal gene senses 1 binding site/signal gene senses ...
... Regulating transcription Telling RNA pol to copy a DNA sequence Transcription factors bind promoters & control initiation of transcription 1/signal gene senses 1 binding site/signal gene senses ...
A novel C. elegans zinc finger transcription factor, lsy
... the expression of several putative chemoreceptors of the GCY family. For example, in adult animals, the gcy-7 gene is exclusively expressed in ASEL, whereas the gcy-5 gene is exclusively expressed in ASER (Fig. 1). The expression of these two terminally differentiated states requires the activity of ...
... the expression of several putative chemoreceptors of the GCY family. For example, in adult animals, the gcy-7 gene is exclusively expressed in ASEL, whereas the gcy-5 gene is exclusively expressed in ASER (Fig. 1). The expression of these two terminally differentiated states requires the activity of ...
RNA–Amino Acid Binding - University of Colorado-MCDB
... structural data for RNA-bound amino acids within riboswitches, aptamers, and RNPs, chemical principles governing specific RNA interaction with amino acids can be deduced. Such principles, which we summarize in a ‘‘polar profile’’, are useful in explaining newly selected specific RNA binding sites fo ...
... structural data for RNA-bound amino acids within riboswitches, aptamers, and RNPs, chemical principles governing specific RNA interaction with amino acids can be deduced. Such principles, which we summarize in a ‘‘polar profile’’, are useful in explaining newly selected specific RNA binding sites fo ...
Functional tests of enhancer conservation between
... conservation (Takahashi et al., 1999). Several enhancers are conserved between teleosts and mammals (e.g. Brenner et al., 2002). Furthermore, exchanges of Hox (Streit et al., 2002; Frasch et al., 1995; Pöpperl et al., 1995) and Pax6/eyeless (Xu et al., 1999) enhancer elements between flies, worms an ...
... conservation (Takahashi et al., 1999). Several enhancers are conserved between teleosts and mammals (e.g. Brenner et al., 2002). Furthermore, exchanges of Hox (Streit et al., 2002; Frasch et al., 1995; Pöpperl et al., 1995) and Pax6/eyeless (Xu et al., 1999) enhancer elements between flies, worms an ...
Cloning and functional characterization of temperature responsive
... Another reason of this potential in drought tolerance could be due to its high stomatal control enabling plants to minimize the transpiration rate by keeping also a high level of net CO2 assimilation under water stress conditions (Severino et al., 2012). These physiologic ...
... Another reason of this potential in drought tolerance could be due to its high stomatal control enabling plants to minimize the transpiration rate by keeping also a high level of net CO2 assimilation under water stress conditions (Severino et al., 2012). These physiologic ...
The Chloroplast trnT–trnF Region in the Seed Plant
... and Ephedra), with especially dense sampling in Gnetum for which we sequenced 41 accessions, representing most of the 25–35 species. The trnL intron has a conserved secondary structure and contains elements that are homologous across land plants, while the spacers are so variable in length and compo ...
... and Ephedra), with especially dense sampling in Gnetum for which we sequenced 41 accessions, representing most of the 25–35 species. The trnL intron has a conserved secondary structure and contains elements that are homologous across land plants, while the spacers are so variable in length and compo ...
mMESSAGE mMACHINE® Kit User Guide
... in a single solution. The cap analog:GTP ratio of this solution is 4:1, which is optimal for maximizing both RNA yield and the proportion of capped transcripts. mMESSAGE mMACHINE® Kits are ideal for the routine synthesis of capped RNAs for oocyte microinjection, in vitro translation, transfection an ...
... in a single solution. The cap analog:GTP ratio of this solution is 4:1, which is optimal for maximizing both RNA yield and the proportion of capped transcripts. mMESSAGE mMACHINE® Kits are ideal for the routine synthesis of capped RNAs for oocyte microinjection, in vitro translation, transfection an ...
The importance of alternative splicing in the drug discovery process
... the short isoform is pro-apoptotic and the long one is antispecific genes. In the antisense approach, short antisense apoptotic. Bcl-xL is highly expressed in many types of cancer, oligonucleotides complementary to a region in the mRNA including multiple myeloma, small cell lung carcinoma molecule t ...
... the short isoform is pro-apoptotic and the long one is antispecific genes. In the antisense approach, short antisense apoptotic. Bcl-xL is highly expressed in many types of cancer, oligonucleotides complementary to a region in the mRNA including multiple myeloma, small cell lung carcinoma molecule t ...
Protein synthesis 2 - Pima Community College : Directories
... – Eukaryotic mRNA has interrupting sequences called introns, separating the coding regions called exons – Eukaryotic mRNA undergoes processing before leaving the nucleus – Cap added to 5’ end: single guanine nucleotide – Tail added to 3’ end: Poly-A tail of 50–250 adenines – RNA splicing: removal of ...
... – Eukaryotic mRNA has interrupting sequences called introns, separating the coding regions called exons – Eukaryotic mRNA undergoes processing before leaving the nucleus – Cap added to 5’ end: single guanine nucleotide – Tail added to 3’ end: Poly-A tail of 50–250 adenines – RNA splicing: removal of ...
Lecture9-Chap24
... and the Ribosome • context – The fact that neighboring sequences may change the efficiency with which a codon is recognized by its aminoacyl-tRNA or is used to terminate polypeptide translation. Figure 24.16: Only fMet-tRNAf can be used for initiation by 30S subunits; other aminoacyltRNAs must be us ...
... and the Ribosome • context – The fact that neighboring sequences may change the efficiency with which a codon is recognized by its aminoacyl-tRNA or is used to terminate polypeptide translation. Figure 24.16: Only fMet-tRNAf can be used for initiation by 30S subunits; other aminoacyltRNAs must be us ...
Genome-wide histone modification patterns in
... The packaging of eukaryotic genomes into nucleosomes plays critical roles in all DNAtemplated processes, and chromatin structure has been implicated as a key factor in the evolution of gene regulatory programs. While the functions of many histone modifications appear to be highly conserved throughou ...
... The packaging of eukaryotic genomes into nucleosomes plays critical roles in all DNAtemplated processes, and chromatin structure has been implicated as a key factor in the evolution of gene regulatory programs. While the functions of many histone modifications appear to be highly conserved throughou ...
Supplementary Legends - Word file
... from Cenix Bioscience2. For zen-4 we repeated RNAi with a different feeding clone (a gift from M. Glotzer)3. If genetic mutants were used, the strain and allele is specified. Generally, analysis after ASS was impossible if microtubule-based pulling forces were strongly reduced, if spindle assembly o ...
... from Cenix Bioscience2. For zen-4 we repeated RNAi with a different feeding clone (a gift from M. Glotzer)3. If genetic mutants were used, the strain and allele is specified. Generally, analysis after ASS was impossible if microtubule-based pulling forces were strongly reduced, if spindle assembly o ...
PcGs and Hox genes - Development
... longer present. This phenomenon of heritable silencing depends on proteins of the Polycomb Group (PcG) and on cis-acting Polycomb response elements (PREs) in the Hox gene loci. We have removed individual PcG proteins from proliferating cells and then resupplied these proteins after a few or several ...
... longer present. This phenomenon of heritable silencing depends on proteins of the Polycomb Group (PcG) and on cis-acting Polycomb response elements (PREs) in the Hox gene loci. We have removed individual PcG proteins from proliferating cells and then resupplied these proteins after a few or several ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.