PAX6 mRNA Transcript Analysis in Various Ocular/Non
... insertion allows the carboxy terminal sub-region of the paired domain to recognize a novel DNA sequence. PAX6 contains an alternative mRNA splice-site which allows to regulate the restricted set of genes depends on the mRNA splicing. These two major forms of the protein, PAX6 and PAX6 (5a) are highl ...
... insertion allows the carboxy terminal sub-region of the paired domain to recognize a novel DNA sequence. PAX6 contains an alternative mRNA splice-site which allows to regulate the restricted set of genes depends on the mRNA splicing. These two major forms of the protein, PAX6 and PAX6 (5a) are highl ...
RNA-based regulation of genes of tryptophan synthesis
... 2004). The structures of the inactive trp aporepressor, the biosynthesis is a biologically expensive, complicated protryptophan-activated trp repressor, and the trp repressor– cess. In fact, the products of four other pathways are operator complex have all been determined, and this essential contrib ...
... 2004). The structures of the inactive trp aporepressor, the biosynthesis is a biologically expensive, complicated protryptophan-activated trp repressor, and the trp repressor– cess. In fact, the products of four other pathways are operator complex have all been determined, and this essential contrib ...
Histidine Biosynthetic Pathway and Genes: Structure
... to remember just a few of the accomplishments that have been obtained and of the scientists who tackled those problems. The histidine system was of the utmost importance in the definition and refinement of the operon theory. A genetic and biochemical analysis of thousands of mutations in the his ope ...
... to remember just a few of the accomplishments that have been obtained and of the scientists who tackled those problems. The histidine system was of the utmost importance in the definition and refinement of the operon theory. A genetic and biochemical analysis of thousands of mutations in the his ope ...
The use of glycogen and GlycoBlue reagent in Qubit DNA and RNA
... (glycogen covalently linked to a blue dye; Cat. No. AM9515) are reagents commonly used to facilitate nucleic acid precipitation without adding extraneous nucleic acids to the sample. This study was carried out to determine whether glycogen or GlycoBlue Coprecipitant affects the accuracy of nucleic a ...
... (glycogen covalently linked to a blue dye; Cat. No. AM9515) are reagents commonly used to facilitate nucleic acid precipitation without adding extraneous nucleic acids to the sample. This study was carried out to determine whether glycogen or GlycoBlue Coprecipitant affects the accuracy of nucleic a ...
C. neoformans
... N2 nematodes were fed on lawns of C. neoformans and then at different time-points transferred to lawns of non-pathogenic cryptococci. All nematodes that survived transfer were rescued, regained normal non-distended anatomy and no C. neoformans yeast cells could be cultured followed “grinding” of the ...
... N2 nematodes were fed on lawns of C. neoformans and then at different time-points transferred to lawns of non-pathogenic cryptococci. All nematodes that survived transfer were rescued, regained normal non-distended anatomy and no C. neoformans yeast cells could be cultured followed “grinding” of the ...
HW4_final
... can rewind stem loop RNA structures) PUM2 can also bind its preferred binding motif in partial stem regions. Based on this information, which other sequence (from the list below) would bind PUM2 in the presence of the RNA helicase? ...
... can rewind stem loop RNA structures) PUM2 can also bind its preferred binding motif in partial stem regions. Based on this information, which other sequence (from the list below) would bind PUM2 in the presence of the RNA helicase? ...
Regulation of Gene Expression
... • Transcription from many eukaryotic promoters can be stimulated by control elements located thousands of base pairs away from the start site. • Such long-distance transcription control elements, referred to as enhancers, are common in eukaryotic genomes but fairly rare in bacterial genomes. • An e ...
... • Transcription from many eukaryotic promoters can be stimulated by control elements located thousands of base pairs away from the start site. • Such long-distance transcription control elements, referred to as enhancers, are common in eukaryotic genomes but fairly rare in bacterial genomes. • An e ...
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP
... treatment slightly increases IGFBP-2 mRNA expression (Clemmons 1997). We have demonstrated that TH affects the expression of IGF-I mRNA (Zhang et al. 2011a) and IGFBP-1 mRNA (Zhai et al. 2012) in P. olivaceus. But the relationship between IGFBP-2 and thyroid hormone has not been reported, and the mo ...
... treatment slightly increases IGFBP-2 mRNA expression (Clemmons 1997). We have demonstrated that TH affects the expression of IGF-I mRNA (Zhang et al. 2011a) and IGFBP-1 mRNA (Zhai et al. 2012) in P. olivaceus. But the relationship between IGFBP-2 and thyroid hormone has not been reported, and the mo ...
Ribozyme catalysis: not different, just worse
... nucleotide analog rescue of ribozymes with mutations at C75 (ref. 42), correlation of reaction pKa values with those of various imidazole analogs43, kinetic isotope effects and detailed analysis of metal ion contributions to catalysis44–46 support a direct role of C75 in proton transfer during catal ...
... nucleotide analog rescue of ribozymes with mutations at C75 (ref. 42), correlation of reaction pKa values with those of various imidazole analogs43, kinetic isotope effects and detailed analysis of metal ion contributions to catalysis44–46 support a direct role of C75 in proton transfer during catal ...
Cold-induced silencing by long antisense transcripts of an
... is mostly unknown1. We are investigating the link between noncoding RNA and chromatin regulation through analysis of FLC — a regulator of flowering time in Arabidopsis and a target of several chromatin pathways. Here we use an unbiased strategy to characterize non-coding transcripts of FLC and show ...
... is mostly unknown1. We are investigating the link between noncoding RNA and chromatin regulation through analysis of FLC — a regulator of flowering time in Arabidopsis and a target of several chromatin pathways. Here we use an unbiased strategy to characterize non-coding transcripts of FLC and show ...
Dissecting Gene Expression Changes Accompanying a Ploidy
... that increasing the expression level of regulatory genes, such as transcription factors, can lead to a cascade of downstream effects across the rest of the genome, also producing phenotypic effects (RANCATI et al. 2008). However, for most of the phenotypes associated with Down syndrome, or other ane ...
... that increasing the expression level of regulatory genes, such as transcription factors, can lead to a cascade of downstream effects across the rest of the genome, also producing phenotypic effects (RANCATI et al. 2008). However, for most of the phenotypes associated with Down syndrome, or other ane ...
Abundant RNA editing sites of chloroplast protein
... cDNAs, we identified 255 editing sites in 82 proteincoding genes in the G. biloba chloroplast genome, and all of the editing sites were C-to-U conversions. Among the 255 editing sites, ycf3 (407 and 408 bp, nucleotide position in the gene’s coding sequence), psbB (1391 and 1392 bp), rps14 (193 and 1 ...
... cDNAs, we identified 255 editing sites in 82 proteincoding genes in the G. biloba chloroplast genome, and all of the editing sites were C-to-U conversions. Among the 255 editing sites, ycf3 (407 and 408 bp, nucleotide position in the gene’s coding sequence), psbB (1391 and 1392 bp), rps14 (193 and 1 ...
Skeletal muscle actin mRNA. Characterization of the 3
... Chick skeletal muscle A—A. Hybridizations were performed under conditions of excess RNA (as described previously (27). Hybridization reactions were incubated at 68°C for 1-5 hours. Each reaction contained in a total volume of 20 pi about 2000 cpm of 32 P-labelled DNA. ...
... Chick skeletal muscle A—A. Hybridizations were performed under conditions of excess RNA (as described previously (27). Hybridization reactions were incubated at 68°C for 1-5 hours. Each reaction contained in a total volume of 20 pi about 2000 cpm of 32 P-labelled DNA. ...
Stage- and Tissue-Specific Expression of Ethylene Receptor
... (Zhou et al., 1996; corresponding to LeETR1) is not affected by ethylene treatment. RP-ERS1 is under environmental control, and the mRNA level increases after submergence at low O2 concentrations and at high CO2 concentrations (Voesenek et al., 1997; Vriezen et al., 1997). However, because there are ...
... (Zhou et al., 1996; corresponding to LeETR1) is not affected by ethylene treatment. RP-ERS1 is under environmental control, and the mRNA level increases after submergence at low O2 concentrations and at high CO2 concentrations (Voesenek et al., 1997; Vriezen et al., 1997). However, because there are ...
tRNA-derived short RNAs bind to Saccharomyces cerevisiae
... eukaryotic organism S. cerevisiae directly bind to the ribosomes. Interestingly, rancRNA-tRFs in yeast are derived from both, 5 - and 3 -part of the tRNAs and both types of tRFs associate with the ribosomes in vitro. The location of tRFs within the ribosomes is distinct from classical A- and P-tRN ...
... eukaryotic organism S. cerevisiae directly bind to the ribosomes. Interestingly, rancRNA-tRFs in yeast are derived from both, 5 - and 3 -part of the tRNAs and both types of tRFs associate with the ribosomes in vitro. The location of tRFs within the ribosomes is distinct from classical A- and P-tRN ...
NanoString™: User Guide | nCounter® Expression Data Analysis
... are utilized as positive ligation controls and six or eight are utilized as negative controls. For each positive control, a separate ERCC RNA sequence of similar size to a miRNA is supplied. Six different small RNA controls are provided such that after dilution and addition to the miRNA sample prepa ...
... are utilized as positive ligation controls and six or eight are utilized as negative controls. For each positive control, a separate ERCC RNA sequence of similar size to a miRNA is supplied. Six different small RNA controls are provided such that after dilution and addition to the miRNA sample prepa ...
WHITE PANICLE1, a Val-tRNA Synthetase
... mutants, although mRNA levels of some genes were higher in wp1 than in wild type. We found that wp1 was impaired in chloroplast ribosome biogenesis. Taken together, our results show that OsValRS2 plays an essential role in chloroplast development and regulating chloroplast ribosome biogenesis. ...
... mutants, although mRNA levels of some genes were higher in wp1 than in wild type. We found that wp1 was impaired in chloroplast ribosome biogenesis. Taken together, our results show that OsValRS2 plays an essential role in chloroplast development and regulating chloroplast ribosome biogenesis. ...
Dynamic Model of Paclitaxel Biosynthesis Suggests That the Key
... pathways: MVA pathway in cytosol and MEP/DXP pathway in plastid. ...
... pathways: MVA pathway in cytosol and MEP/DXP pathway in plastid. ...
Shoot Branching and Leaf Dissection in Tomato Are
... MYB genes (Stracke et al., 2001; Wilkins et al., 2009). Alignment of the amino acid sequences of these proteins showed that the N-terminal part containing the two MYB repeats is highly conserved (see Supplemental Figure 1 online), but sequence similarity in the C-terminal domains can be detected onl ...
... MYB genes (Stracke et al., 2001; Wilkins et al., 2009). Alignment of the amino acid sequences of these proteins showed that the N-terminal part containing the two MYB repeats is highly conserved (see Supplemental Figure 1 online), but sequence similarity in the C-terminal domains can be detected onl ...
Knockdown of Parhyale Ultrabithorax - IMBB
... a positive control. Dll and its vertebrate homologs, the Dlx genes, function in appendage development in invertebrates and vertebrates (reviewed in ref. 7). Reduction in Dll activity results in the truncation of appendages in a wide variety of arthropods including Drosophila (8), Tribolium (9) and t ...
... a positive control. Dll and its vertebrate homologs, the Dlx genes, function in appendage development in invertebrates and vertebrates (reviewed in ref. 7). Reduction in Dll activity results in the truncation of appendages in a wide variety of arthropods including Drosophila (8), Tribolium (9) and t ...
Evolutionary aspects of recombination in RNA viruses
... genomes of accumulated deleterious changes (Muller, 1964) and to create or spread beneficial combinations of mutations in an efficient manner (Fisher, 1930 ; Muller, 1932), two processes which are not available to clonal organisms. Two distinct but not mutually exclusive types of genetic exchange op ...
... genomes of accumulated deleterious changes (Muller, 1964) and to create or spread beneficial combinations of mutations in an efficient manner (Fisher, 1930 ; Muller, 1932), two processes which are not available to clonal organisms. Two distinct but not mutually exclusive types of genetic exchange op ...
PPT
... Occur in Euplotes Species Euplotes species use UAA and UAG as stop codons, and have recoded UGA as a cysteine codon. Most organisms have an extremely low incidence of programmed translational frameshifting (e.g., frameshifting occurs in only 3 out of 6000 genes in yeast, or 0.05%). 8 out of 90 ...
... Occur in Euplotes Species Euplotes species use UAA and UAG as stop codons, and have recoded UGA as a cysteine codon. Most organisms have an extremely low incidence of programmed translational frameshifting (e.g., frameshifting occurs in only 3 out of 6000 genes in yeast, or 0.05%). 8 out of 90 ...
Document
... that RNAs transcribed from most eukaryotic genes undergo a variety of processing events, that convert RNA precursors into mature RNAs ready for translation. For example, the splicing process removes extended stretches of the nucleotide sequences called introns from an RNA precursor such that only th ...
... that RNAs transcribed from most eukaryotic genes undergo a variety of processing events, that convert RNA precursors into mature RNAs ready for translation. For example, the splicing process removes extended stretches of the nucleotide sequences called introns from an RNA precursor such that only th ...
Snímek 1
... Mechanisms proposed to explain how reduced SMN levels cause SMA According to one hypothesis, reduced SMN levels result in reduced assembly of Sm proteins onto snRNA. This unevenly alters the levels of specific endogenous snRNPs, such as those used to splice minor introns (particularly U11) from pre ...
... Mechanisms proposed to explain how reduced SMN levels cause SMA According to one hypothesis, reduced SMN levels result in reduced assembly of Sm proteins onto snRNA. This unevenly alters the levels of specific endogenous snRNPs, such as those used to splice minor introns (particularly U11) from pre ...
Quantitative genetics of gene expression during fruit fly - EMBL-EBI
... Over the last ten years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been used to identify genetic variants associated with many diseases as well as quantitative phenotypes, by exploiting naturally occurring genetic variation in large cohorts of individuals. More recently, the GWAS approach has also ...
... Over the last ten years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been used to identify genetic variants associated with many diseases as well as quantitative phenotypes, by exploiting naturally occurring genetic variation in large cohorts of individuals. More recently, the GWAS approach has also ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.