PcGs and Hox genes - Development
... longer present. This phenomenon of heritable silencing depends on proteins of the Polycomb Group (PcG) and on cis-acting Polycomb response elements (PREs) in the Hox gene loci. We have removed individual PcG proteins from proliferating cells and then resupplied these proteins after a few or several ...
... longer present. This phenomenon of heritable silencing depends on proteins of the Polycomb Group (PcG) and on cis-acting Polycomb response elements (PREs) in the Hox gene loci. We have removed individual PcG proteins from proliferating cells and then resupplied these proteins after a few or several ...
iron-regulatory protein 1
... been previously described by Moeder et al. [20] and was named KO-661 [20]. Lines homozygous for the disruption were isolated, and used for further studies. When the mutants were grown in a greenhouse, or in hydroponic cultures under controlled conditions, they displayed no macroscopic phenotype. Fur ...
... been previously described by Moeder et al. [20] and was named KO-661 [20]. Lines homozygous for the disruption were isolated, and used for further studies. When the mutants were grown in a greenhouse, or in hydroponic cultures under controlled conditions, they displayed no macroscopic phenotype. Fur ...
Raven/Johnson Biology 8e Chapter 15 Answers 1. The
... Beadle and Tatum’s research provided new insights into the relationship between genes and proteins. The correct answer is d— B. Answer b is incorrect. The ability of X-rays to damage DNA was already known. Beadle and Tatum used this fact when they generated nutritional mutants. The correct answer is ...
... Beadle and Tatum’s research provided new insights into the relationship between genes and proteins. The correct answer is d— B. Answer b is incorrect. The ability of X-rays to damage DNA was already known. Beadle and Tatum used this fact when they generated nutritional mutants. The correct answer is ...
Raven/Johnson Biology 8e
... Beadle and Tatum’s research provided new insights into the relationship between genes and proteins. The correct answer is d— B. Answer b is incorrect. The ability of X-rays to damage DNA was already known. Beadle and Tatum used this fact when they generated nutritional mutants. The correct answer is ...
... Beadle and Tatum’s research provided new insights into the relationship between genes and proteins. The correct answer is d— B. Answer b is incorrect. The ability of X-rays to damage DNA was already known. Beadle and Tatum used this fact when they generated nutritional mutants. The correct answer is ...
XASH genes promote neurogenesis in Xenopus embryos
... 3/XE12 RNA that led to the activation of neural genes in the animal cap assay, they failed to gastrulate normally and thus could not be analyzed. Therefore, we examined embryos that had been injected with a ten-fold dilution of XASH-3 RNA. At this dose, XASH-3/XE12 did not have any effect on neural ...
... 3/XE12 RNA that led to the activation of neural genes in the animal cap assay, they failed to gastrulate normally and thus could not be analyzed. Therefore, we examined embryos that had been injected with a ten-fold dilution of XASH-3 RNA. At this dose, XASH-3/XE12 did not have any effect on neural ...
The tryptophan biosynthetic pathway
... trpL mRNA stalls at one of its two Trp codons. This permits the RNA antiterminator structure to form, which prevents formation of the terminator. Transcription then continues into the operon’s structural genes. An attenuator site, in effect, is a DNA sequence where a choice is made by RNA polymerase ...
... trpL mRNA stalls at one of its two Trp codons. This permits the RNA antiterminator structure to form, which prevents formation of the terminator. Transcription then continues into the operon’s structural genes. An attenuator site, in effect, is a DNA sequence where a choice is made by RNA polymerase ...
Early germline development in Caenorhabditis elegans
... somatic blastomeres significantly reduces the accumulation of certain mRNAs in those cells (Seydoux et al., 1996; Guedes and Priess, 1997). Together, these observations suggest that the presence of PIE-1 may be sufficient to interfere with RNA polymerase II activity. More recently, evidence that PIE ...
... somatic blastomeres significantly reduces the accumulation of certain mRNAs in those cells (Seydoux et al., 1996; Guedes and Priess, 1997). Together, these observations suggest that the presence of PIE-1 may be sufficient to interfere with RNA polymerase II activity. More recently, evidence that PIE ...
Robust gene silencing mediated by antisense small RNAs in the
... sRNAs in E. histolytica. We show for the first time that AS sRNAs directly mediate gene silencing. Our data demonstrate that a small portion of a gene-coding region to which large numbers of AS sRNAs map is sufficient to ‘trigger’ silencing of a gene fused to it. Gene silencing only occurred in E. his ...
... sRNAs in E. histolytica. We show for the first time that AS sRNAs directly mediate gene silencing. Our data demonstrate that a small portion of a gene-coding region to which large numbers of AS sRNAs map is sufficient to ‘trigger’ silencing of a gene fused to it. Gene silencing only occurred in E. his ...
- bioRxiv
... In contrast to work with single cell organisms, the impact of gene dosage on expression variability in metazoans is less well studied. However, a full understanding of the effect of gene copy deletions is fundamental for better understanding of diseases that originate from gene copy number changes. ...
... In contrast to work with single cell organisms, the impact of gene dosage on expression variability in metazoans is less well studied. However, a full understanding of the effect of gene copy deletions is fundamental for better understanding of diseases that originate from gene copy number changes. ...
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein Multiple-Choice Questions
... 7) Using RNA as a template for protein synthesis instead of translating proteins directly from the DNA is advantageous for the cell because A) RNA is much more stable than DNA. B) RNA acts as an expendable copy of the genetic material. C) only one mRNA molecule can be transcribed from a single gene, ...
... 7) Using RNA as a template for protein synthesis instead of translating proteins directly from the DNA is advantageous for the cell because A) RNA is much more stable than DNA. B) RNA acts as an expendable copy of the genetic material. C) only one mRNA molecule can be transcribed from a single gene, ...
X chromosome inactivation- Review
... region in Xist gene and is required for X inactivation Model- Mutually exclusive binding of blocking factor to Xce on one X, and of initiator factor to Xist on other X Marsupials and in mice extraembyonic tissues- paternal X always inactivated in females ...
... region in Xist gene and is required for X inactivation Model- Mutually exclusive binding of blocking factor to Xce on one X, and of initiator factor to Xist on other X Marsupials and in mice extraembyonic tissues- paternal X always inactivated in females ...
GENE EXPRESSION
... be “turned on” to produce lactose-utilizing enzymes, the repressor will have to be removed from the operator.The repressor is an allosteric protein; when it binds with one particular molecule, it changes the shape of the protein, which changes its ability to react with a second particular molecule. ...
... be “turned on” to produce lactose-utilizing enzymes, the repressor will have to be removed from the operator.The repressor is an allosteric protein; when it binds with one particular molecule, it changes the shape of the protein, which changes its ability to react with a second particular molecule. ...
Journal of Plant Physiology
... (Huang et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2004a,b) also improved the tolerance of transgenic plants to various abiotic stress, such as high salinity, drought and low temperature conditions. Overexpression of AtEBP resulted in resistance to Bax-induced cell death and abiotic stresses such as hydrogen peroxi ...
... (Huang et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2004a,b) also improved the tolerance of transgenic plants to various abiotic stress, such as high salinity, drought and low temperature conditions. Overexpression of AtEBP resulted in resistance to Bax-induced cell death and abiotic stresses such as hydrogen peroxi ...
1 Depleting gene activities in early Drosophila embryos
... products are degraded and gene expression comes under the control of the zygotic genome. To interrogate the function of mRNAs that are both maternally and zygotically expressed, it is common to examine the embryonic phenotypes derived from female germline mosaics. Recently, the development of RNAi v ...
... products are degraded and gene expression comes under the control of the zygotic genome. To interrogate the function of mRNAs that are both maternally and zygotically expressed, it is common to examine the embryonic phenotypes derived from female germline mosaics. Recently, the development of RNAi v ...
PDF
... concentrations reconstitution was exclusively monopolar in form, even in isolated digestive zones. At lethal doses animals were axiate with easily recognizable polarity right up to, and during, disintegration; invariably the last region to disintegrate was a bud at the medium stage of development. T ...
... concentrations reconstitution was exclusively monopolar in form, even in isolated digestive zones. At lethal doses animals were axiate with easily recognizable polarity right up to, and during, disintegration; invariably the last region to disintegrate was a bud at the medium stage of development. T ...
Molecular Biology of Transcription and RNA Processing
... translation. Messenger RNA is the only form of RNA that undergoes translation. Transcription of mRNA and posttranscriptional processing of mRNA are principal areas of focus in this chapter. Functional RNAs perform a variety of specialized roles in the cell. The functional RNAs carry out their activ ...
... translation. Messenger RNA is the only form of RNA that undergoes translation. Transcription of mRNA and posttranscriptional processing of mRNA are principal areas of focus in this chapter. Functional RNAs perform a variety of specialized roles in the cell. The functional RNAs carry out their activ ...
A Customized Gene Expression Microarray
... Culm1 (bc1) gene of rice encode glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored Cobra-like proteins (Li et al., 2003; Ching et al., 2006; Brady et al., 2007; Sindhu et al., 2007). Although the precise biological function of Cobra-like proteins has not been defined, perturbations of the gene result in reduced ...
... Culm1 (bc1) gene of rice encode glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored Cobra-like proteins (Li et al., 2003; Ching et al., 2006; Brady et al., 2007; Sindhu et al., 2007). Although the precise biological function of Cobra-like proteins has not been defined, perturbations of the gene result in reduced ...
Interactions of Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genes
... expression is affected by the presence of nuclear fertility restorers and the information gained about these nuclear genes through recent map-based cloning efforts. We also describe the evidence that mitochondrial gene expression can affect the function of nuclear gene products that control floral d ...
... expression is affected by the presence of nuclear fertility restorers and the information gained about these nuclear genes through recent map-based cloning efforts. We also describe the evidence that mitochondrial gene expression can affect the function of nuclear gene products that control floral d ...
Life 9e - Garvness
... 38. Imagine that a novel life-form is found deep within Earth’s crust. Evaluation of its DNA yields no surprises. However, it is found that a codon for this life-form is just two bases in length. How many different amino acids could this organism be composed of? ...
... 38. Imagine that a novel life-form is found deep within Earth’s crust. Evaluation of its DNA yields no surprises. However, it is found that a codon for this life-form is just two bases in length. How many different amino acids could this organism be composed of? ...
Get PDF - Wiley Online Library
... 2009). We recently suggested that some aneuploid CNVs may be selected to balance the effects of mutations, epigenetic silencing, and other gene losses acquired during the continuous division of chromosomally unstable cancer cells (Bazeley et al., 2011). We now show evidence for increased mRNA levels ...
... 2009). We recently suggested that some aneuploid CNVs may be selected to balance the effects of mutations, epigenetic silencing, and other gene losses acquired during the continuous division of chromosomally unstable cancer cells (Bazeley et al., 2011). We now show evidence for increased mRNA levels ...
the function and synthesis of ribosomes
... Many antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial, but not human, protein synthesis. But some bacteria have developed resistance to clinically important antibiotics and other potential antibiotics are not sufficiently specific towards bacterial ribosomes to be suitable for human or veterinary medicine. ...
... Many antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial, but not human, protein synthesis. But some bacteria have developed resistance to clinically important antibiotics and other potential antibiotics are not sufficiently specific towards bacterial ribosomes to be suitable for human or veterinary medicine. ...
Protein Synthesis
... Protein Synthesis is the cellular process used to make proteins. Synthesis just means the building up. The DNA contains the directions for making LOTS of proteins. When a specific protein is needed only the part of the DNA that contains those specific directions is used. Three different type ...
... Protein Synthesis is the cellular process used to make proteins. Synthesis just means the building up. The DNA contains the directions for making LOTS of proteins. When a specific protein is needed only the part of the DNA that contains those specific directions is used. Three different type ...
H4K20me1 Contributes to Downregulation of X
... The Caenorhabditis elegans dosage compensation complex (DCC) equalizes X-chromosome gene dosage between XO males and XX hermaphrodites by two-fold repression of X-linked gene expression in hermaphrodites. The DCC localizes to the X chromosomes in hermaphrodites but not in males, and some subunits fo ...
... The Caenorhabditis elegans dosage compensation complex (DCC) equalizes X-chromosome gene dosage between XO males and XX hermaphrodites by two-fold repression of X-linked gene expression in hermaphrodites. The DCC localizes to the X chromosomes in hermaphrodites but not in males, and some subunits fo ...
Ribosome profiling reveals post-transcriptional buffering of divergent
... depended upon orthologous genes identifiable across vast evolutionary distance, their results could be biased toward highly abundant housekeeping genes. Nonetheless, these works suggest that post-transcriptional processes, including mRNA translation and protein turnover, could act to reduce the effe ...
... depended upon orthologous genes identifiable across vast evolutionary distance, their results could be biased toward highly abundant housekeeping genes. Nonetheless, these works suggest that post-transcriptional processes, including mRNA translation and protein turnover, could act to reduce the effe ...
Functions of the nonsense-mediated RNA decay pathway in Drosophila development. PLoS Genetics 2 , 2143-2154.
... introns and splice junctions [7,10]. In yeast it appears that the distance between the stop codon and a special site in or near the 39 UTR, or the ability of proteins bound at these sites to efficiently associate, marks a termination codon as premature and targets the mRNA for destruction by NMD [16 ...
... introns and splice junctions [7,10]. In yeast it appears that the distance between the stop codon and a special site in or near the 39 UTR, or the ability of proteins bound at these sites to efficiently associate, marks a termination codon as premature and targets the mRNA for destruction by NMD [16 ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.