Interplay between copy number, dosage compensation and
... In contrast to work with single cell organisms, the impact of gene dosage on expression variability in metazoans is less well studied. However, a full understanding of the effect of gene copy deletions is fundamental for better understanding of diseases that originate from gene copy number changes. ...
... In contrast to work with single cell organisms, the impact of gene dosage on expression variability in metazoans is less well studied. However, a full understanding of the effect of gene copy deletions is fundamental for better understanding of diseases that originate from gene copy number changes. ...
informe tecnológico de patentes
... disorder caused by the expression of mutant huntingtin protein (Htt). Suppression of Htt expression, using RNA interference, might be an effective therapy. However, if reduction of wild-type protein is not well tolerated in the brain, it may be necessary to suppress just the product of the mutant al ...
... disorder caused by the expression of mutant huntingtin protein (Htt). Suppression of Htt expression, using RNA interference, might be an effective therapy. However, if reduction of wild-type protein is not well tolerated in the brain, it may be necessary to suppress just the product of the mutant al ...
as a PDF
... (Meyer et al., 1991). However, their capacity to use alternative genetic decoding can be extended to the utilization of ⫹1 frameshifting to express nuclear proteins (Klobutcher and Farabaugh, 2002). It has been estimated that ⬎5% of genes require ⫹1 frameshifting for their expression and although th ...
... (Meyer et al., 1991). However, their capacity to use alternative genetic decoding can be extended to the utilization of ⫹1 frameshifting to express nuclear proteins (Klobutcher and Farabaugh, 2002). It has been estimated that ⬎5% of genes require ⫹1 frameshifting for their expression and although th ...
“The function and synthesis of ribosomes.” Nature Reviews Mol Cell
... Many antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial, but not human, protein synthesis. But some bacteria have developed resistance to clinically important antibiotics and other potential antibiotics are not sufficiently specific towards bacterial ribosomes to be suitable for human or veterinary medicine. ...
... Many antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial, but not human, protein synthesis. But some bacteria have developed resistance to clinically important antibiotics and other potential antibiotics are not sufficiently specific towards bacterial ribosomes to be suitable for human or veterinary medicine. ...
Genome-wide analysis of the GRAS gene family in
... probably occurred independently among different plant taxa because genes from within a given plant class are clustered into a group. In physic nut, six tandem repeats of LlSCL genes are observed on chromosome 8, while there are five on scaffold 28650 in castor bean (Figure 2). LlSCL was reported to ...
... probably occurred independently among different plant taxa because genes from within a given plant class are clustered into a group. In physic nut, six tandem repeats of LlSCL genes are observed on chromosome 8, while there are five on scaffold 28650 in castor bean (Figure 2). LlSCL was reported to ...
Identification of novel endogenous antisense transcripts by DNA
... epigenetic status of surrounding genes [5-7]. Moreover, NATs may function in pathological conditions by causing epigenetic alterations such as histone modification and DNA methylation [8,9]. The other primary model of NAT-mediated gene regulation is induction of the production of small RNAs from NAT ...
... epigenetic status of surrounding genes [5-7]. Moreover, NATs may function in pathological conditions by causing epigenetic alterations such as histone modification and DNA methylation [8,9]. The other primary model of NAT-mediated gene regulation is induction of the production of small RNAs from NAT ...
Structures in the lac
... galactose. B-galactoside transacetylase: an enzyme whose function is unknown. adenyl-cyclase: an enzyme that transforms ATP to cAMP. It produces higher levels of cAMP when glucose levels are low in the cell and vice versa. Catabolite-activating protein (CAP): a protein that binds to cAMP to form the ...
... galactose. B-galactoside transacetylase: an enzyme whose function is unknown. adenyl-cyclase: an enzyme that transforms ATP to cAMP. It produces higher levels of cAMP when glucose levels are low in the cell and vice versa. Catabolite-activating protein (CAP): a protein that binds to cAMP to form the ...
Patterns of gene action in plant development revealed by enhancer
... gene construct that can respond to cis-acting transcriptional signals at the site of insertion. These elements permit the identification of genes by their pattern of expression and their subsequent cloning using the inserted element as a tag. A particularly useful aspect of this technology is that i ...
... gene construct that can respond to cis-acting transcriptional signals at the site of insertion. These elements permit the identification of genes by their pattern of expression and their subsequent cloning using the inserted element as a tag. A particularly useful aspect of this technology is that i ...
RNA PCR Kit (AMV)
... Depend on many factors, the primer for reverse transcription should be selected from either of Random 9 mers, Oligo dT-Adaptor Primer, or specific downstream PCR primer. For short mRNAs with no hairpin structure, any one of the above three primers can be used. [ General guideline of the primer sel ...
... Depend on many factors, the primer for reverse transcription should be selected from either of Random 9 mers, Oligo dT-Adaptor Primer, or specific downstream PCR primer. For short mRNAs with no hairpin structure, any one of the above three primers can be used. [ General guideline of the primer sel ...
Amiito acid sequence of the testosterone
... MAE mRNA and pMK908) In the mouse kidney were characterized by examining cDNA and genomtc clones. Three sizes of RP2 mRNA are detected by Northern blot analysis and these were shown to result from polyadenylatlon at three distinct sites within the primary transcript of this single-copy gene. The com ...
... MAE mRNA and pMK908) In the mouse kidney were characterized by examining cDNA and genomtc clones. Three sizes of RP2 mRNA are detected by Northern blot analysis and these were shown to result from polyadenylatlon at three distinct sites within the primary transcript of this single-copy gene. The com ...
Distalless and dachshund pattern both plesiomorphic
... knockdown phenotypes have only been observed in a handful of winged insects. Chelicerates, the putative sister group to the remaining arthropods (mandibulates), is a diverse lineage that includes Arachnida (e.g., spiders, mites, scorpions), Merostomata (a grade including horseshoe crabs and the exti ...
... knockdown phenotypes have only been observed in a handful of winged insects. Chelicerates, the putative sister group to the remaining arthropods (mandibulates), is a diverse lineage that includes Arachnida (e.g., spiders, mites, scorpions), Merostomata (a grade including horseshoe crabs and the exti ...
Regulatory Genes Controlling MPG7 Expression
... regulatory genes render strains unable to utilize a wide variety of nitrogen sources, with the exception of ammonium or glutamine. Our study of MPG7 led us to hypothesize that mutations in a wide-domain regulator of NR might render M. grisea nonpathogenic due to an inability to derepress a subset of ...
... regulatory genes render strains unable to utilize a wide variety of nitrogen sources, with the exception of ammonium or glutamine. Our study of MPG7 led us to hypothesize that mutations in a wide-domain regulator of NR might render M. grisea nonpathogenic due to an inability to derepress a subset of ...
Improving Virus C type 4 Interferon using Bioinformatics Techniques
... The messenger RNA (mRNA) serves as an intermediate between DNA and protein. Parts of the DNA are "transcribed" into transcripts (single-stranded RNA molecules) that are processed to mRNA. In prokaryotes the transcript generally does not need to be processed, and can serve as mRNA right away. Transcr ...
... The messenger RNA (mRNA) serves as an intermediate between DNA and protein. Parts of the DNA are "transcribed" into transcripts (single-stranded RNA molecules) that are processed to mRNA. In prokaryotes the transcript generally does not need to be processed, and can serve as mRNA right away. Transcr ...
PDF
... modern vertebrate clusters apparently arose by serial duplication of a 13 member cluster with subsequent deletions. As a result, the homologous genes in different clusters (referred to as paralogues) are more similar to each other than they are to adjacent genes in the same cluster. Paralogous genes ...
... modern vertebrate clusters apparently arose by serial duplication of a 13 member cluster with subsequent deletions. As a result, the homologous genes in different clusters (referred to as paralogues) are more similar to each other than they are to adjacent genes in the same cluster. Paralogous genes ...
Concept 14.4: Translation is the RNA
... The other regions are called exons and are usually translated into amino acid sequences RNA splicing removes introns and joins exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... The other regions are called exons and are usually translated into amino acid sequences RNA splicing removes introns and joins exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Bacterial and Firefly Luciferase Genes in Transgenic Plants
... These initial reports incited much debate about favourable and disadvantageous traits of both luciferases. It was initially thought that the bacterial system would not be useful for application in the eukaryotic cells because expression of two genes is required for the synthesis of an active enzyme. ...
... These initial reports incited much debate about favourable and disadvantageous traits of both luciferases. It was initially thought that the bacterial system would not be useful for application in the eukaryotic cells because expression of two genes is required for the synthesis of an active enzyme. ...
USDA approves next-generation GM potato
... Boise, Idaho, is dubbed Innate as it contains only elements from sexually compatible, wild potato relatives, and employs RNA interference (RNAi) to reduce the level of several enzymes, among them one that produces the potentially carcinogenic metabolite acrylamide. This puts a new spin on the defini ...
... Boise, Idaho, is dubbed Innate as it contains only elements from sexually compatible, wild potato relatives, and employs RNA interference (RNAi) to reduce the level of several enzymes, among them one that produces the potentially carcinogenic metabolite acrylamide. This puts a new spin on the defini ...
Developmental changes in barley microRNA expression profiles
... is occupied by uridine, which suggests miRNA association with AGO1 and its involvement in mRNA cleavage (unpublished data, Zhang et al., 2014). Barley development is mostly described by using phenotypical features like leaf number, tiller numbers, and kernel stage (Zadoks et al., 1974). In our previ ...
... is occupied by uridine, which suggests miRNA association with AGO1 and its involvement in mRNA cleavage (unpublished data, Zhang et al., 2014). Barley development is mostly described by using phenotypical features like leaf number, tiller numbers, and kernel stage (Zadoks et al., 1974). In our previ ...
Yan D et al., 2014 - Drosophila RNAi Screening Center
... or three GSCs are located in the most anterior part of the germarium, where they interact with the stem cell niche. A GSC divides asymmetrically to produce another self-renewing GSC and a cystoblast committed to differentiate. The cystoblast divides 4 times synchronously to form a 16-cell cyst. Of t ...
... or three GSCs are located in the most anterior part of the germarium, where they interact with the stem cell niche. A GSC divides asymmetrically to produce another self-renewing GSC and a cystoblast committed to differentiate. The cystoblast divides 4 times synchronously to form a 16-cell cyst. Of t ...
The RNA origin of transfer RNA aminoacylation and beyond
... tRNA-binding regions but the rest was re-randomized for the second activity selection (figure 2d ) [10]. Sequence alignment of the active species revealed that the 30 -terminal region after the tRNA-binding site has no conservation of sequence, suggesting that this region is unimportant for activity ...
... tRNA-binding regions but the rest was re-randomized for the second activity selection (figure 2d ) [10]. Sequence alignment of the active species revealed that the 30 -terminal region after the tRNA-binding site has no conservation of sequence, suggesting that this region is unimportant for activity ...
Research Resources: Comparative MMM icroRNA
... During folliculogenesis, cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte differentiate into corona radiata cells (CRCs) and cumulus oophorus cells (COCs), which are involved in gonadal steroidogenesis and the development of germ cells. Several studies suggested that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important regulat ...
... During folliculogenesis, cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte differentiate into corona radiata cells (CRCs) and cumulus oophorus cells (COCs), which are involved in gonadal steroidogenesis and the development of germ cells. Several studies suggested that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important regulat ...
Cotranscriptional coupling of splicing factor recruitment and
... To begin to investigate cotranscriptional accumulation of RNAbinding proteins, antibodies specific for the CBP80 subunit of the capbinding complex (CBC) were used for ChIP. We anticipated that the CBC should bind the 5¢ end of every capped Pol II transcript (Fig. 1). Capping occurs after only 20–30 ...
... To begin to investigate cotranscriptional accumulation of RNAbinding proteins, antibodies specific for the CBP80 subunit of the capbinding complex (CBC) were used for ChIP. We anticipated that the CBC should bind the 5¢ end of every capped Pol II transcript (Fig. 1). Capping occurs after only 20–30 ...
Gibberellin Signaling: Biosynthesis, Catabolism, and
... (GFP) fusions in tobacco leaves demonstrated that AtKSGFP and AtKO-GFP are targeted to the chloroplasts, whereas AtKAO1 and AtKAO2 fusion proteins are associated with the ER (Helliwell et al., 2001b). In vitro import experiments using isolated pea chloroplasts further confirmed that AtKS is imported ...
... (GFP) fusions in tobacco leaves demonstrated that AtKSGFP and AtKO-GFP are targeted to the chloroplasts, whereas AtKAO1 and AtKAO2 fusion proteins are associated with the ER (Helliwell et al., 2001b). In vitro import experiments using isolated pea chloroplasts further confirmed that AtKS is imported ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.