PDF
... Oregon-R or w1118 were used as wild-type controls. The wol alleles 2L-284 (wol1) and 2L-267 (wol2), as well as the cad allele 2L-264, were generated on an FRT2L-40A-containing chromosome in a germline clone EMS screen performed in Tübingen (Luschnig et al., 2004). A P-element plasmid containing a 2. ...
... Oregon-R or w1118 were used as wild-type controls. The wol alleles 2L-284 (wol1) and 2L-267 (wol2), as well as the cad allele 2L-264, were generated on an FRT2L-40A-containing chromosome in a germline clone EMS screen performed in Tübingen (Luschnig et al., 2004). A P-element plasmid containing a 2. ...
Relationship between codon biased genes, microarray expression
... Comparison of CAI and microarray fluorescence values As 85 % of the genes of the R6 and TIGR4 strains have a similarity above 90 %, and a good correlation (r2=0?99) of CAI values among their homologous genes was observed (data not shown), Cy3- (two replicates) and Cy5- (one replicate) labelled cDNA ...
... Comparison of CAI and microarray fluorescence values As 85 % of the genes of the R6 and TIGR4 strains have a similarity above 90 %, and a good correlation (r2=0?99) of CAI values among their homologous genes was observed (data not shown), Cy3- (two replicates) and Cy5- (one replicate) labelled cDNA ...
Identification and characterization of putative conserved IAM
... rice AMI (Os04G02780) showed a transcript for the gene encoded by this enzyme at 1, 7 and 21 days after anthesis (DAF) during the active period of IAA accumulation in developing grains. Based on the accumulated data, we suggested that sequences in this clade are conserved and have an important role ...
... rice AMI (Os04G02780) showed a transcript for the gene encoded by this enzyme at 1, 7 and 21 days after anthesis (DAF) during the active period of IAA accumulation in developing grains. Based on the accumulated data, we suggested that sequences in this clade are conserved and have an important role ...
NIH Public Access
... involves mechanisms that specify counting and “choice” of which X-chromosome will be silenced in each cell, although these are only partially understood. Recent work suggested that the X-linked gene Rlm/Rnf12 has a role in regulating Xist/X-inactivation (Jonkers et al., 2009), and this transcription ...
... involves mechanisms that specify counting and “choice” of which X-chromosome will be silenced in each cell, although these are only partially understood. Recent work suggested that the X-linked gene Rlm/Rnf12 has a role in regulating Xist/X-inactivation (Jonkers et al., 2009), and this transcription ...
Arabidopsis Separase AESP Is Essential for Embryo Development
... meiosis in a number of organisms, including Caenorhabditis elegans, mammals, and Arabidopsis thaliana, have shown that similar to the situation during mitosis in animal cells, a significant amount of cohesin is either removed from or redistributed on prophase chromosomes before anaphase I in higher ...
... meiosis in a number of organisms, including Caenorhabditis elegans, mammals, and Arabidopsis thaliana, have shown that similar to the situation during mitosis in animal cells, a significant amount of cohesin is either removed from or redistributed on prophase chromosomes before anaphase I in higher ...
Origin of New Genes: Evidence from Experimental
... Exon shuffling is an essential molecular mechanism for the formation of new genes. Many cases of exon shuffling have been reported in vertebrate genes. These discoveries revealed the importance of exon shuffling in the origin of new genes. However, only a few cases of exon shuffling were reported fr ...
... Exon shuffling is an essential molecular mechanism for the formation of new genes. Many cases of exon shuffling have been reported in vertebrate genes. These discoveries revealed the importance of exon shuffling in the origin of new genes. However, only a few cases of exon shuffling were reported fr ...
ribosome binding site Prokaryotic mRNAs have a ribosome binding
... Eukaryotic mRNAs are modified at their 5’ and 3’ ends to facilitate translation ...
... Eukaryotic mRNAs are modified at their 5’ and 3’ ends to facilitate translation ...
Molecular Characterization of NADH-Dependent
... Fd-GOGAT is -42% identical to that of the large subunit of Escherichia coli NADPH-GOGAT however, the maize amino acid sequence bears no similarity to the small subunit of the E. coli NADPH-GOGAT. In comparison to the Fd-GOGATs in photosynthetic tissues, the NAD(P)H-GOGATsof nongreen tissues have rec ...
... Fd-GOGAT is -42% identical to that of the large subunit of Escherichia coli NADPH-GOGAT however, the maize amino acid sequence bears no similarity to the small subunit of the E. coli NADPH-GOGAT. In comparison to the Fd-GOGATs in photosynthetic tissues, the NAD(P)H-GOGATsof nongreen tissues have rec ...
Small Nucleolar RNA
... • Enzymes likely evolved from gene duplications of tRNA or rRNA processing enzymes • Ancestral snoRNAs likely guided these enzymes and acquired specificities for novel rRNA sites ...
... • Enzymes likely evolved from gene duplications of tRNA or rRNA processing enzymes • Ancestral snoRNAs likely guided these enzymes and acquired specificities for novel rRNA sites ...
Simplified global gene expression profiling
... to calculate differential gene expression for Ion AmpliSeq Transcriptome Human Gene Expression Kit data. DEGs between HBRR and UHRR samples for both Ilumina™ HiSeq™ whole-transcriptome RNA-Seq and Ion AmpliSeq Transcriptome Human Gene Expression Kit datasets were determined with the DESeq package [3 ...
... to calculate differential gene expression for Ion AmpliSeq Transcriptome Human Gene Expression Kit data. DEGs between HBRR and UHRR samples for both Ilumina™ HiSeq™ whole-transcriptome RNA-Seq and Ion AmpliSeq Transcriptome Human Gene Expression Kit datasets were determined with the DESeq package [3 ...
Testing Gene Expression by Reverse Transcriptase PCR (rt
... treated with agents that deactivate RNase, like diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC). Be especially careful to keep the RNase-free tips covered when not in use. 1. Pipet 5 x 106 cells into a 15 mL screw cap tube. The concentration of cells in the culture will be given to you day of lab. 2. Pellet cells by ce ...
... treated with agents that deactivate RNase, like diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC). Be especially careful to keep the RNase-free tips covered when not in use. 1. Pipet 5 x 106 cells into a 15 mL screw cap tube. The concentration of cells in the culture will be given to you day of lab. 2. Pellet cells by ce ...
Translation Section 1 From Genes to Proteins Chapter 10
... • Summarize the role of transcription factors in regulating eukaryotic gene expression. • Describe how eukaryotic genes are organized. ...
... • Summarize the role of transcription factors in regulating eukaryotic gene expression. • Describe how eukaryotic genes are organized. ...
You`re one in a googol: optimizing genes for protein expression
... that were used to encode amino acids in the 161 full or partial mRNA sequences present in the nucleic acid sequence database at that time. These biases differed depending on which organism the gene came from. The authors speculated that these differences in codon J. R. Soc. Interface (2009) ...
... that were used to encode amino acids in the 161 full or partial mRNA sequences present in the nucleic acid sequence database at that time. These biases differed depending on which organism the gene came from. The authors speculated that these differences in codon J. R. Soc. Interface (2009) ...
Biochemistry Lecture 23 THE LAST ONE!
... Polysomes • >1 Ribosome at a time translates a single mRNA (27-29) – Efficient use of single mRNA strand ...
... Polysomes • >1 Ribosome at a time translates a single mRNA (27-29) – Efficient use of single mRNA strand ...
View PDF - DNA and Natural Algorithms Group
... based on the results of selection experiments. However, there is a distinct difference between the results of selections that generate aptamers and selections that generate ribozymes. Irrespective of the stringency of the selection, ribozymes always prove roughly 1000-fold or more slower than their ...
... based on the results of selection experiments. However, there is a distinct difference between the results of selections that generate aptamers and selections that generate ribozymes. Irrespective of the stringency of the selection, ribozymes always prove roughly 1000-fold or more slower than their ...
Plant–nematode interactions
... excluding C. elegans but including 19 animal- and seven plant-parasitic nematode species, have been produced [42]. Existing EST collections from plant-parasitic nematodes are mostly derived from eggs and infective juveniles, but future projects will likely expand to include the parasitic stages [27 ...
... excluding C. elegans but including 19 animal- and seven plant-parasitic nematode species, have been produced [42]. Existing EST collections from plant-parasitic nematodes are mostly derived from eggs and infective juveniles, but future projects will likely expand to include the parasitic stages [27 ...
Genome Evolution and Developmental Constraint in Caenorhabditis
... earliest stage—during which a maximal interaction of genetic modules occurs (Raff 1996, pp. 208–210). Given that all developmental processes ultimately depend on the activity of specific sets of genes and their interactions, it should be expected that some amount of genetic difference underlies the ...
... earliest stage—during which a maximal interaction of genetic modules occurs (Raff 1996, pp. 208–210). Given that all developmental processes ultimately depend on the activity of specific sets of genes and their interactions, it should be expected that some amount of genetic difference underlies the ...
Genome-wide identification and analysis of the SGR
... Structure analysis of the melon SGR genes CmSGR ORF lengths ranged from 504 (CmSGR4) to 774 bp (CmSGR2), molecular weights ranged from 19.02 (CmSGR4) to 29.48 kDa (CmSGR2), and pI values ranged from 6.19 (CmSGR4) to 8.72 (CmSGR2) (Table 1). CmSGR genes were distributed on all chromosome of the melon ...
... Structure analysis of the melon SGR genes CmSGR ORF lengths ranged from 504 (CmSGR4) to 774 bp (CmSGR2), molecular weights ranged from 19.02 (CmSGR4) to 29.48 kDa (CmSGR2), and pI values ranged from 6.19 (CmSGR4) to 8.72 (CmSGR2) (Table 1). CmSGR genes were distributed on all chromosome of the melon ...
Chpt10_TxnRNAPol.doc
... then W = -1 for every 10 bp rewound. This effect of the decrease in W will be exerted in the DNA behind the polymerase, since that is where the rewinding is occurring. 5. Inhibitors: useful reagents and clues to function a. Rifamycins, e.g. rifampicin: bind the subunit to block initiation. The dr ...
... then W = -1 for every 10 bp rewound. This effect of the decrease in W will be exerted in the DNA behind the polymerase, since that is where the rewinding is occurring. 5. Inhibitors: useful reagents and clues to function a. Rifamycins, e.g. rifampicin: bind the subunit to block initiation. The dr ...
critter
... from animals that had been subjected to classical conditioning paradigms, could enhance learning when transferred to their naïve counterparts (Smalheiser, Manev, & Costa, 2001). A prominent worker in this field, James V. McConnell (1966), established that planarians (flatworms) reliably turn in resp ...
... from animals that had been subjected to classical conditioning paradigms, could enhance learning when transferred to their naïve counterparts (Smalheiser, Manev, & Costa, 2001). A prominent worker in this field, James V. McConnell (1966), established that planarians (flatworms) reliably turn in resp ...
Comparison of good-and bad-quality cork: application of high
... information obtained from ESTs is a practical means of gene discovery. Transcriptome obtained by high-throughput or EST sequencing offers an efficient means of generating functional genomic data for non-model organisms (Parchman et al., 2010) because it provides functional information that often cor ...
... information obtained from ESTs is a practical means of gene discovery. Transcriptome obtained by high-throughput or EST sequencing offers an efficient means of generating functional genomic data for non-model organisms (Parchman et al., 2010) because it provides functional information that often cor ...
pdf
... The effect of the unwinding of the DNA template by RNA polymerase is to decrease T by 1 for every 10 bp unwound. Thus ΔT = -1, and since ΔL = 0, then ΔW = +1 for every 10 bp unwound. This effect of the increase in W will be exerted in the DNA ahead of the polymerase. The effect of rewinding the DNA ...
... The effect of the unwinding of the DNA template by RNA polymerase is to decrease T by 1 for every 10 bp unwound. Thus ΔT = -1, and since ΔL = 0, then ΔW = +1 for every 10 bp unwound. This effect of the increase in W will be exerted in the DNA ahead of the polymerase. The effect of rewinding the DNA ...
Ribosomal frameshifting in decoding antizyme mRNAs from yeast
... features surrounding the frameshift site. Among these are RNA pseudoknots, RNA stem-loops, conserved primary RNA sequences, nascent peptide sequences and branch-specific ‘shifty’ codons. Standard linear non-overlapping triplet decoding of certain mRNAs in diverse organisms is dynamically diverted in ...
... features surrounding the frameshift site. Among these are RNA pseudoknots, RNA stem-loops, conserved primary RNA sequences, nascent peptide sequences and branch-specific ‘shifty’ codons. Standard linear non-overlapping triplet decoding of certain mRNAs in diverse organisms is dynamically diverted in ...
Sense and Nonsense in the Genetic Code
... genetic material of most organisms (the only exceptions known are certain viruses in which messenger RNA is used directly as the genetic material). Most of our present knowledge about the code has been obtained from studies with Escherichiacoli in which synthetic polyribonucleotides (rather than nat ...
... genetic material of most organisms (the only exceptions known are certain viruses in which messenger RNA is used directly as the genetic material). Most of our present knowledge about the code has been obtained from studies with Escherichiacoli in which synthetic polyribonucleotides (rather than nat ...
Efficient expression of ribozyme and reduction of stromelysin mRNA
... 1995) (Okada et al., 1992). Thus targeted inhibition of one or more of these proteolytic activities may be a valid therapeutic approach for arthritis. Ribozymes are RNA-based enzymes that have the ability to cleave RNA molecules in a sequence-specific manner. Sequence specificity comes from the base ...
... 1995) (Okada et al., 1992). Thus targeted inhibition of one or more of these proteolytic activities may be a valid therapeutic approach for arthritis. Ribozymes are RNA-based enzymes that have the ability to cleave RNA molecules in a sequence-specific manner. Sequence specificity comes from the base ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.