DNA sequencing revealed a definitive
... Figure 1. Restriction maps of the regions of XHB3 and XHB4 containing the sea urchin homeo boxes. Horizontal arrows on top show the sequencing strategy. All sequencing was done by the dideoxy chain termination method (19) after subcloning the restriction fragments into M13. Dale deletion subclones f ...
... Figure 1. Restriction maps of the regions of XHB3 and XHB4 containing the sea urchin homeo boxes. Horizontal arrows on top show the sequencing strategy. All sequencing was done by the dideoxy chain termination method (19) after subcloning the restriction fragments into M13. Dale deletion subclones f ...
Author`s personal copy - Real Jardín Botánico
... Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, D-53115 Bonn, Germany ...
... Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, D-53115 Bonn, Germany ...
Hormone Autotrophic Growth and Differentiation
... after infection by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a well-studied case of plant tumor formation, is caused by the transfer and expression of auxin- and cytokinin-synthesizing genes to the plant cell (for review, see Morris, 1995). The auxin-tocytokinin ratio influences qualitatively and quantitatively gr ...
... after infection by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a well-studied case of plant tumor formation, is caused by the transfer and expression of auxin- and cytokinin-synthesizing genes to the plant cell (for review, see Morris, 1995). The auxin-tocytokinin ratio influences qualitatively and quantitatively gr ...
cg12 Expression Is Specifically Linked to Infection of
... of proteases widely distributed in diverse organisms, including archaea, bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and higher eukaryotes (Siezen and Leunissen 1997). Based on their substrate specificity, two classes of subtilases have been described: i) degenerative subtilases mainly found in prokaryotes are involve ...
... of proteases widely distributed in diverse organisms, including archaea, bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and higher eukaryotes (Siezen and Leunissen 1997). Based on their substrate specificity, two classes of subtilases have been described: i) degenerative subtilases mainly found in prokaryotes are involve ...
Chapter 14
... • The affinity is 10x greater for OL1 and OR1 than other operators, so they are bound first. • Cooperativity allows repressor to bind the OL1/OR2 sites at lower concentrations. ...
... • The affinity is 10x greater for OL1 and OR1 than other operators, so they are bound first. • Cooperativity allows repressor to bind the OL1/OR2 sites at lower concentrations. ...
Sequential Expression of Macromolecule
... by chloramphenicol-treated cells obtained after 24, 36 or 60 h of fermentation suggest that at this time a large part of the candicidin synthases are already formed (Fig. 3c, d, e). It seems, therefore, that no candicidin synthases are formed in the first hours of fermentation, suggesting transcript ...
... by chloramphenicol-treated cells obtained after 24, 36 or 60 h of fermentation suggest that at this time a large part of the candicidin synthases are already formed (Fig. 3c, d, e). It seems, therefore, that no candicidin synthases are formed in the first hours of fermentation, suggesting transcript ...
Enhancement of the Essential Amino Acid Composition of Food
... proteins [1]-[3]. But the proteins of many food crops remain deficient in several essential amino acids (EAAs). The basic 20 amino acids used in protein synthesis are synthesized from some intermediates of glycolysis, and citric acid cycle [4]. Nine EAAs cannot be synthesized in the body and must be ...
... proteins [1]-[3]. But the proteins of many food crops remain deficient in several essential amino acids (EAAs). The basic 20 amino acids used in protein synthesis are synthesized from some intermediates of glycolysis, and citric acid cycle [4]. Nine EAAs cannot be synthesized in the body and must be ...
The trp Operon - aandersonbiology
... multiple levels. Generally speaking, eukaryotic gene expression is more complex because regulation can occur at pre-transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. 3. Explain/review the central dogma using the central dogma master to point out the fundamental flow of genetic information into an exp ...
... multiple levels. Generally speaking, eukaryotic gene expression is more complex because regulation can occur at pre-transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. 3. Explain/review the central dogma using the central dogma master to point out the fundamental flow of genetic information into an exp ...
MicroRNA Regulatory Patterns on the Human Metabolic Network
... According to the central dogma of molecular biology, RNAs are passive messengers and only take charge of transferring genetic information. However, this central dogma is being challenged by the recent findings that microRNA (miRNA), small noncoding RNA, is able to negatively regulate protein-coding ...
... According to the central dogma of molecular biology, RNAs are passive messengers and only take charge of transferring genetic information. However, this central dogma is being challenged by the recent findings that microRNA (miRNA), small noncoding RNA, is able to negatively regulate protein-coding ...
Playing by pair-rules?
... Pax3/7 family of transcription factors, which in Drosophila includes not only the pair-rule gene prd, but also the segment polarity gene gooseberry. It should be noted, however, that the delay of two alternate stripes in the spider mite head does not reflect a general trend across the entire body ax ...
... Pax3/7 family of transcription factors, which in Drosophila includes not only the pair-rule gene prd, but also the segment polarity gene gooseberry. It should be noted, however, that the delay of two alternate stripes in the spider mite head does not reflect a general trend across the entire body ax ...
Isolation and characterization of an RNA that binds with high affinity
... Since the Tat protein has various functions in the life cycle of HIV-1, as well as in viral proliferation, it is an important and attractive target in efforts to develop weapons against HIV. Several genetic strategies have been tested, in the past, in attempts to repress the proliferation of HIV. Tr ...
... Since the Tat protein has various functions in the life cycle of HIV-1, as well as in viral proliferation, it is an important and attractive target in efforts to develop weapons against HIV. Several genetic strategies have been tested, in the past, in attempts to repress the proliferation of HIV. Tr ...
Microenvironment analysis and identification of magnesium binding
... the electrostatic ®eld (44). We believe that Mg2+ binding sites can be differentiated not only by charge alone, but also by the biochemical and structural properties surrounding the binding site. We used FEATURE to study the differences between site-bound and diffusely bound Mg2+ ions in complex RNA ...
... the electrostatic ®eld (44). We believe that Mg2+ binding sites can be differentiated not only by charge alone, but also by the biochemical and structural properties surrounding the binding site. We used FEATURE to study the differences between site-bound and diffusely bound Mg2+ ions in complex RNA ...
A long-term demasculinization of X
... testes and ovaries, especially in the meiotic phase (Parisi et al. 2003; Vibranovski et al. 2009a). MSCI could therefore be assessed by analyzing testis-expressed genes with biased expression in meiosis but not in mitosis, thus including the effect of inactivation of X-linked genes in meiotic cells ...
... testes and ovaries, especially in the meiotic phase (Parisi et al. 2003; Vibranovski et al. 2009a). MSCI could therefore be assessed by analyzing testis-expressed genes with biased expression in meiosis but not in mitosis, thus including the effect of inactivation of X-linked genes in meiotic cells ...
Analyzing microRNA Data and Integrating microRNA with Gene
... regulate many genes, the PutativeGenes list will be much longer than the input microRNA list. The PutativeGenes list might be used for Biological Interpretation. Another useful way to examine the data would be to right-click on the Gene Symbol column (last one on the right) and select Create List w ...
... regulate many genes, the PutativeGenes list will be much longer than the input microRNA list. The PutativeGenes list might be used for Biological Interpretation. Another useful way to examine the data would be to right-click on the Gene Symbol column (last one on the right) and select Create List w ...
Phosphate Utilization Efficiency Correlates with Expression of Low
... MicroRNAs represent a class of noncoding small RNAs that generally function as posttranscriptional negative regulators through base pairing to nearly complementary sequences in target mRNAs (JonesRhoades et al., 2006). miR399 is the first microRNA found to be involved in Pi homeostasis (Sunkar and Z ...
... MicroRNAs represent a class of noncoding small RNAs that generally function as posttranscriptional negative regulators through base pairing to nearly complementary sequences in target mRNAs (JonesRhoades et al., 2006). miR399 is the first microRNA found to be involved in Pi homeostasis (Sunkar and Z ...
Widespread expression of the bovine Agouti gene results from at
... expression pattern. We found no evidence of coding-region sequence variation within and between eight breeds representing a large panel of coat colour phenotypes. We detected by northern hybridization two Agouti mRNA isoforms in brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and a third in skin. We chara ...
... expression pattern. We found no evidence of coding-region sequence variation within and between eight breeds representing a large panel of coat colour phenotypes. We detected by northern hybridization two Agouti mRNA isoforms in brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and a third in skin. We chara ...
The role of Dby mRNA in early development of male mouse zygotes
... Ejaculated mammalian spermatozoa contain a complex yet specific population of mRNA. However, the possible roles that mRNA has in early zygotic and embryonic development remain unclear. We found that Dby mRNA is selectively retained in capacitated mouse spermatozoa, and is transferred into the oocyte ...
... Ejaculated mammalian spermatozoa contain a complex yet specific population of mRNA. However, the possible roles that mRNA has in early zygotic and embryonic development remain unclear. We found that Dby mRNA is selectively retained in capacitated mouse spermatozoa, and is transferred into the oocyte ...
Aucsia Gene Silencing Causes Parthenocarpic Fruit Development in
... gibberellin signal transduction pathway (Wang et al., 2005; Goetz et al., 2006, 2007; Marti et al., 2007). For example, two members of the auxin signal transduction pathway, a tomato auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (AUX/IAA) gene, SlIAA9, and an Arabidopsis auxin response factor, AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR8 ( ...
... gibberellin signal transduction pathway (Wang et al., 2005; Goetz et al., 2006, 2007; Marti et al., 2007). For example, two members of the auxin signal transduction pathway, a tomato auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (AUX/IAA) gene, SlIAA9, and an Arabidopsis auxin response factor, AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR8 ( ...
letters - Centre for Social Evolution
... csd and the new fem gene, located 12 kb upstream of csd, have sex determination function (Fig. 1b). RNAi-induced knockdowns of fem in females result in a developmental switch to entire male head differentiation (Fig. 1b), whereas knockdowns in males do not affect head development. Repressing the fun ...
... csd and the new fem gene, located 12 kb upstream of csd, have sex determination function (Fig. 1b). RNAi-induced knockdowns of fem in females result in a developmental switch to entire male head differentiation (Fig. 1b), whereas knockdowns in males do not affect head development. Repressing the fun ...
Manipulating the Plasmodium Genome
... interfering’ RNAs (21-23 nucleotide fragments), which guide the cleavage of homologous mRNA by the silencing complex RISC (Hammond et al., 2001; Sharp, 2001). This evolutionarily conserved pathway, which may be part of a basic surveillance system that degrades transposon or viral messages, has alrea ...
... interfering’ RNAs (21-23 nucleotide fragments), which guide the cleavage of homologous mRNA by the silencing complex RISC (Hammond et al., 2001; Sharp, 2001). This evolutionarily conserved pathway, which may be part of a basic surveillance system that degrades transposon or viral messages, has alrea ...
The Genetic Code and RNA-Amino Acid Affinities
... extent, this is true experimentally; up to ca. 60 randomized nucleotides, the Ile RNA binding site becomes more frequent [20]. However, then in violating theory, it is less frequent in longer molecules. Perhaps long RNAs go to Uhlenbeck’s alternative conformer hell [32]. 2.2.3. Partially Conserved N ...
... extent, this is true experimentally; up to ca. 60 randomized nucleotides, the Ile RNA binding site becomes more frequent [20]. However, then in violating theory, it is less frequent in longer molecules. Perhaps long RNAs go to Uhlenbeck’s alternative conformer hell [32]. 2.2.3. Partially Conserved N ...
Antibiotics involved in Clostridium difficile
... genes encoding known, or putative, colonization factors: three adhesins, P47 (one of the two Slayer proteins), Cwp66 and Fbp68, and a protease, Cwp84. The conditions studied included hyperosmolarity, iron depletion and exposure to several antibiotics (ampicillin, clindamycin, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin ...
... genes encoding known, or putative, colonization factors: three adhesins, P47 (one of the two Slayer proteins), Cwp66 and Fbp68, and a protease, Cwp84. The conditions studied included hyperosmolarity, iron depletion and exposure to several antibiotics (ampicillin, clindamycin, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin ...
SEARCH_16S: A new algorithm for identifying 16S
... SEARCH_16S on finished prokaryotic genomes and curated SSU databases, finding that it has >99% sensitivity to known genes and no unambiguous false positives in control datasets containing metazoan sequences and random sequences. Methods Signature words SEARCH_16S uses the set of all 13-mers (signatu ...
... SEARCH_16S on finished prokaryotic genomes and curated SSU databases, finding that it has >99% sensitivity to known genes and no unambiguous false positives in control datasets containing metazoan sequences and random sequences. Methods Signature words SEARCH_16S uses the set of all 13-mers (signatu ...
PDF 743ko
... Maternal determinants: Maternal determinants are factors (mRNAs, proteins or their complexes) inherited from the oocyte which direct axis formation and/or the differentiation of tissues in the embryo. When maternal determinants are inhibited or removed, axis formation or development are abnormal. Wh ...
... Maternal determinants: Maternal determinants are factors (mRNAs, proteins or their complexes) inherited from the oocyte which direct axis formation and/or the differentiation of tissues in the embryo. When maternal determinants are inhibited or removed, axis formation or development are abnormal. Wh ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.