RT-PCR Analysis - Shiu Lab - Michigan State University
... expression of these 23 PGs in a T87 suspension culture cell line that had been previously shown to have >60% genes expressed (24). Only one PG (At2g43860) was detected. To rule out the possibility of faulty primer designs, a second primer set was designed for each of these 23 PGs, but none led to d ...
... expression of these 23 PGs in a T87 suspension culture cell line that had been previously shown to have >60% genes expressed (24). Only one PG (At2g43860) was detected. To rule out the possibility of faulty primer designs, a second primer set was designed for each of these 23 PGs, but none led to d ...
Journal of Bacteriology
... diluted 1,000-fold into the plant culture medium. The influence of extracellular bacterial factors on the nod geneinducing activity of root exudate was tested after growing plants on pasteurized supernatant fluids of bacterial cultures diluted 10-fold in deposit-free Jensen medium. Root exudates wer ...
... diluted 1,000-fold into the plant culture medium. The influence of extracellular bacterial factors on the nod geneinducing activity of root exudate was tested after growing plants on pasteurized supernatant fluids of bacterial cultures diluted 10-fold in deposit-free Jensen medium. Root exudates wer ...
Phylogenetic Relationships between the Western Aster Yellows
... because it is larger and its rRNA has a more complex secondary structure than the 5s rRNA gene. Because of its central role in cell metabolism, the prokaryote 16s rRNA gene is highly conserved across widely divergent taxa, which frequently exhibit at least 70% sequence homology in this gene. Initial ...
... because it is larger and its rRNA has a more complex secondary structure than the 5s rRNA gene. Because of its central role in cell metabolism, the prokaryote 16s rRNA gene is highly conserved across widely divergent taxa, which frequently exhibit at least 70% sequence homology in this gene. Initial ...
In situ hybridization
... probes increasing the sensitivity of signal detection into the region of 10-20 copies of mRNA or DNA per cell. 7. Better reproducibility. In situ hybridization with oligonucleotide probes is highly reproducible in every tissue and with every probe. It is possible to make a series of probes that have ...
... probes increasing the sensitivity of signal detection into the region of 10-20 copies of mRNA or DNA per cell. 7. Better reproducibility. In situ hybridization with oligonucleotide probes is highly reproducible in every tissue and with every probe. It is possible to make a series of probes that have ...
Syntabulin, a motor protein linker, controls dorsal
... Wnt signaling in the dorsal blastomeres by the 128-cell stage. A bcatenin and Tcf/Lef complex is thought to regulate zygotic expression of dorsal-specific genes, including the homeobox gene dharma (dha, also known as bozozok) and the nodal-related gene ndr1 (also known as squint) (Dougan et al., 200 ...
... Wnt signaling in the dorsal blastomeres by the 128-cell stage. A bcatenin and Tcf/Lef complex is thought to regulate zygotic expression of dorsal-specific genes, including the homeobox gene dharma (dha, also known as bozozok) and the nodal-related gene ndr1 (also known as squint) (Dougan et al., 200 ...
The different roles of tryptophan transfer RNA in regulating trp
... pause or anti-antiterminator; 2:3, an antiterminator; and 3:4, a terminator [2]. These numbers refer to sequential segments of the trp operon leader transcript (Figure 2a). Structure 3:4 is an intrinsic terminator. Whenever this structure forms it directs the transcribing RNA polymerase to terminate ...
... pause or anti-antiterminator; 2:3, an antiterminator; and 3:4, a terminator [2]. These numbers refer to sequential segments of the trp operon leader transcript (Figure 2a). Structure 3:4 is an intrinsic terminator. Whenever this structure forms it directs the transcribing RNA polymerase to terminate ...
Mutations at the Darkener of apricot Locus Modulate Transcript
... of wing-structure was compared among the four classes of wing tissue, Doa mutant heterozygotes intermediate segregants in the F1 generation. Since the Bx locus is X amounts, and Doa heteroallelic flies the most. Other linked, F, males were hemizygous for Bx'~,and females were Bx alleles similarly te ...
... of wing-structure was compared among the four classes of wing tissue, Doa mutant heterozygotes intermediate segregants in the F1 generation. Since the Bx locus is X amounts, and Doa heteroallelic flies the most. Other linked, F, males were hemizygous for Bx'~,and females were Bx alleles similarly te ...
DNA supercoiling factor contributes to dosage
... chromosome (Deuring et al., 2000; Corona et al., 2002; Badenhorst et al., 2002). The chromosome defect in the mutant strains is likely to be the result of an imbalance caused by acetylation by MOF leading to a more open chromatin state, without ISWI working toward a more condensed chromatin state (D ...
... chromosome (Deuring et al., 2000; Corona et al., 2002; Badenhorst et al., 2002). The chromosome defect in the mutant strains is likely to be the result of an imbalance caused by acetylation by MOF leading to a more open chromatin state, without ISWI working toward a more condensed chromatin state (D ...
Report Number of Nuclear Divisions in the Drosophila Blastoderm
... divisions, comparable to uninjected X161 embryos (Figure 4B and Table 2). This experiment demonstrates that the reduced division number in X161 embryos requires zygotic gene expression. The expression of many early zygotic genes is controlled by the zinc-finger protein Vfl (also called Zelda) [13]. ...
... divisions, comparable to uninjected X161 embryos (Figure 4B and Table 2). This experiment demonstrates that the reduced division number in X161 embryos requires zygotic gene expression. The expression of many early zygotic genes is controlled by the zinc-finger protein Vfl (also called Zelda) [13]. ...
T-box-mediated control of the anabolic proline biosynthetic genes of
... Bacillus subtilis possesses interlinked routes for the synthesis of proline. The ProJ–ProA–ProH route is responsible for the production of proline as an osmoprotectant, and the ProB–ProA–ProI route provides proline for protein synthesis. We show here that the transcription of the anabolic proBA and ...
... Bacillus subtilis possesses interlinked routes for the synthesis of proline. The ProJ–ProA–ProH route is responsible for the production of proline as an osmoprotectant, and the ProB–ProA–ProI route provides proline for protein synthesis. We show here that the transcription of the anabolic proBA and ...
The Protein Cevalently Linked to the 5'... of Poliovirus RNA by Victor Robert Ambros
... be recovered from poliovirus RNA chains varying in length from 7,50C nucleotides (full-sized RNA) to about 500 nucleotides. ...
... be recovered from poliovirus RNA chains varying in length from 7,50C nucleotides (full-sized RNA) to about 500 nucleotides. ...
Thesis-1965R-K29r
... that of the material found on the surface of telophase chromosomes and 3) continued release of prenucleolar material synthesized within the chromosomes could account for both the large amount of such material observed within the interchromosomal spaces and for the fact that the chromosomes remained ...
... that of the material found on the surface of telophase chromosomes and 3) continued release of prenucleolar material synthesized within the chromosomes could account for both the large amount of such material observed within the interchromosomal spaces and for the fact that the chromosomes remained ...
Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Regulation of Gene Expression in
... based analysis of transcriptomic variation in 21 maize elite inbred lines found that a substantial number of genes showed presence/ absence expression patterns [34]. Genetical genomics or expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping is an efficient method for understanding the genetic basis of ...
... based analysis of transcriptomic variation in 21 maize elite inbred lines found that a substantial number of genes showed presence/ absence expression patterns [34]. Genetical genomics or expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping is an efficient method for understanding the genetic basis of ...
A rule-based kinetic model of RNA polymerase II C
... modelled as acting on Ser2P during elongation and on both Ser2P and Ser5P during recycling. The Ser2 kinase Bur1 is recruited to CTD repeats of elongating RNAPII phosphorylated on Ser5. Bur1 augments the major Ser2 kinase (Ctk1) and is capable of phosphorylating CTD repeats at Ser2, when Ctk1 is ...
... modelled as acting on Ser2P during elongation and on both Ser2P and Ser5P during recycling. The Ser2 kinase Bur1 is recruited to CTD repeats of elongating RNAPII phosphorylated on Ser5. Bur1 augments the major Ser2 kinase (Ctk1) and is capable of phosphorylating CTD repeats at Ser2, when Ctk1 is ...
Trans-acting siRNA-mediated repression of ETTIN
... Plants doubly mutant for ett and arf4 resemble kan1;kan2 double mutants, suggesting that these genes are involved in the specification of abaxial identity (Alvarez et al., 2006; Pekker et al., 2005). However, neither gene has been shown to have an independent vegetative phenotype. ...
... Plants doubly mutant for ett and arf4 resemble kan1;kan2 double mutants, suggesting that these genes are involved in the specification of abaxial identity (Alvarez et al., 2006; Pekker et al., 2005). However, neither gene has been shown to have an independent vegetative phenotype. ...
Trade-offs between tRNA abundance and mRNA secondary
... Translation of mRNAs into protein is crucial for cell viability and function and proceeds at a non-uniform rate along transcripts (1). While much focus has been placed on the translation initiation step that is often rate limiting for endogenous genes (2,3), there is growing realization that the var ...
... Translation of mRNAs into protein is crucial for cell viability and function and proceeds at a non-uniform rate along transcripts (1). While much focus has been placed on the translation initiation step that is often rate limiting for endogenous genes (2,3), there is growing realization that the var ...
Novel regulatio pendage transformation
... expression patterns, especially of the ‘head’ genes whose role in such a process can be expected. In this study we have focused on the expression pattern of Scr as it is an important homeotic gene defining the posterior boundary of the insect head (Kaufman et al., 1990; Zeng et al., 1993). After stu ...
... expression patterns, especially of the ‘head’ genes whose role in such a process can be expected. In this study we have focused on the expression pattern of Scr as it is an important homeotic gene defining the posterior boundary of the insect head (Kaufman et al., 1990; Zeng et al., 1993). After stu ...
Disclosure All authors have no competing financial relationships to
... TLR7 in PBMCs, resulting in a trend of decreased downstream production of type I IFNs; whereas inhibition of miR-3148 has an opposite effect. ...
... TLR7 in PBMCs, resulting in a trend of decreased downstream production of type I IFNs; whereas inhibition of miR-3148 has an opposite effect. ...
Strains to Theiler`s Virus Persistent Infection the Difference of
... The D10Pas4 deletion could have been responsible for the susceptibility of the SJL/J strain for two reasons. First, it is present in the only strain for which the H-2D haplotype does not correlate with susceptibility to persistent infection. Second, it is located 44 nt upstream of the TATA box, betw ...
... The D10Pas4 deletion could have been responsible for the susceptibility of the SJL/J strain for two reasons. First, it is present in the only strain for which the H-2D haplotype does not correlate with susceptibility to persistent infection. Second, it is located 44 nt upstream of the TATA box, betw ...
A mixed group ll/group III twintron in the Euglena
... alleles. Intron insertion occurs by DNA site-specific recombination catalyzed by enzyme(s) encoded within the intron. There is also genetic evidence for the transfer of mitochondrial group II introns to alleles lacking introns (8). These introns potentially encode retroviral-like reverse transcripta ...
... alleles. Intron insertion occurs by DNA site-specific recombination catalyzed by enzyme(s) encoded within the intron. There is also genetic evidence for the transfer of mitochondrial group II introns to alleles lacking introns (8). These introns potentially encode retroviral-like reverse transcripta ...
VegT activates Bix4 to specify endodermal
... (Tada et al., 1998). Bix1-Bix4 were originally isolated as targets of the T-box gene Xbra, which is expressed at the onset of gastrulation in the prospective mesoderm of the Xenopus embryo (Smith et al., 1991). However, like the related genes Mix.1 (Rosa, 1989), Mix.2 (Vize, 1996) and Milk (Ecochard ...
... (Tada et al., 1998). Bix1-Bix4 were originally isolated as targets of the T-box gene Xbra, which is expressed at the onset of gastrulation in the prospective mesoderm of the Xenopus embryo (Smith et al., 1991). However, like the related genes Mix.1 (Rosa, 1989), Mix.2 (Vize, 1996) and Milk (Ecochard ...
Regulation of Na/K-ATPase β1 -subunit gene
... Partial inhibition of Na/K-ATPase by ouabain causes hypertrophic growth and regulates several early and late response genes, including that of Na/K-ATPase α3 subunit, in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. The aim of this work was to determine whether ouabain and other hypertrophic stimuli affec ...
... Partial inhibition of Na/K-ATPase by ouabain causes hypertrophic growth and regulates several early and late response genes, including that of Na/K-ATPase α3 subunit, in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. The aim of this work was to determine whether ouabain and other hypertrophic stimuli affec ...
Bicoid associates with the 5 -cap-bound complex of caudal mRNA
... Figure 1. BCD copurifies with 5⬘-cap-bound proteins. Cytoplasmic protein extracts of young embryos were affinity-purified using a cap-analog m7GTP-sepharose resin (Edery et al. 1988). (a) Silver-stained SDS-PAGE of affinity-purified proteins contained within cytoplasmic extracts of wild-type and bcd ...
... Figure 1. BCD copurifies with 5⬘-cap-bound proteins. Cytoplasmic protein extracts of young embryos were affinity-purified using a cap-analog m7GTP-sepharose resin (Edery et al. 1988). (a) Silver-stained SDS-PAGE of affinity-purified proteins contained within cytoplasmic extracts of wild-type and bcd ...
Pseudomon-1 motif
... decision in the present work to group bacteria at the level of order, rather than the more-broad phylum or class, also might help to reduce spurious sequences in clusters. 3. The use of environmental sequences helped to find RNAs that are not well represented in organisms whose genomes have been fu ...
... decision in the present work to group bacteria at the level of order, rather than the more-broad phylum or class, also might help to reduce spurious sequences in clusters. 3. The use of environmental sequences helped to find RNAs that are not well represented in organisms whose genomes have been fu ...
WEREWOLF, a Regulator of Root Hair Pattern
... et al., 2001; Valverde et al., 2004). CO expression, of which transcription arises around 12 h after dawn and stays high until the following dawn, is activated in both long days and short days (Suárez-López et al., 2001). However, CO mRNA expressed at night does not cause the activation of FT, bec ...
... et al., 2001; Valverde et al., 2004). CO expression, of which transcription arises around 12 h after dawn and stays high until the following dawn, is activated in both long days and short days (Suárez-López et al., 2001). However, CO mRNA expressed at night does not cause the activation of FT, bec ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.