The roles of the Drosophila JAK/STAT pathway
... Figure 1 (a) The JAK/STAT pathway in which receptor/JAK (red) complexes dimerize on binding of ligand (blue) (1). Following receptor and JAK phosphorylation (2) cytosolic STATs (green) are recruited to the complex (3). Phosphorylated STAT molecules dimerize (4) and translocate to the nucleus where t ...
... Figure 1 (a) The JAK/STAT pathway in which receptor/JAK (red) complexes dimerize on binding of ligand (blue) (1). Following receptor and JAK phosphorylation (2) cytosolic STATs (green) are recruited to the complex (3). Phosphorylated STAT molecules dimerize (4) and translocate to the nucleus where t ...
Evolutionary dynamics of nematode operons
... also observed four cases where a C. elegans operon is present in C. Identification of operon losses remanei, but is broken in C. brenneri and C. briggsae. To explain The phylogenetic relationships among C. elegans, C. briggsae, C. this pattern, we have to invoke two evolutionary events: two brenneri ...
... also observed four cases where a C. elegans operon is present in C. Identification of operon losses remanei, but is broken in C. brenneri and C. briggsae. To explain The phylogenetic relationships among C. elegans, C. briggsae, C. this pattern, we have to invoke two evolutionary events: two brenneri ...
Practical Aspects of Estimating Energy Components in
... 500 kbp distance of rs2403254, as retrieved from NCBI-Gene, ConsensusPathDB, UniProtKB, OMIM, Gene Ontology, TCDB, ExPASy and KEGG database. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SNP rs2403254 Chr 11 ...
... 500 kbp distance of rs2403254, as retrieved from NCBI-Gene, ConsensusPathDB, UniProtKB, OMIM, Gene Ontology, TCDB, ExPASy and KEGG database. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SNP rs2403254 Chr 11 ...
Anterior boundaries of Hox gene expression in mesoderm
... gene may encode positional information along the rostralcaudal axis [9]. Transcripts of the Hox 1.5 gene are expressed in mesoderm and ectoderm of 7- to 9-day p.c. embryos, but are spatially restricted to the ectoderm-derived neural tube, myencephalon, dorsal root ganglia and many mesodermderived ti ...
... gene may encode positional information along the rostralcaudal axis [9]. Transcripts of the Hox 1.5 gene are expressed in mesoderm and ectoderm of 7- to 9-day p.c. embryos, but are spatially restricted to the ectoderm-derived neural tube, myencephalon, dorsal root ganglia and many mesodermderived ti ...
ACTIN-RELATED PROTEIN6 Regulates Female Meiosis By
... of yeast. In the yeast SWR1 complex, ARP6 facilitates binding between other subunits, such as Swc2, and the ATPase domain of SWR1. In Arabidopsis, ARP6 acts in the nucleus (Deal et al., 2005; Meagher et al., 2005) to modulate gene expression in vegetative development and repression of flowering (Marc ...
... of yeast. In the yeast SWR1 complex, ARP6 facilitates binding between other subunits, such as Swc2, and the ATPase domain of SWR1. In Arabidopsis, ARP6 acts in the nucleus (Deal et al., 2005; Meagher et al., 2005) to modulate gene expression in vegetative development and repression of flowering (Marc ...
Design considerations for highly specific and efficient
... Off-target analysis should include gaps ...
... Off-target analysis should include gaps ...
Investigating the link between tRNA and mRNA - EMBL-EBI
... anticodon interface to mrna-to-protein translation, and how its stability is maintained during the life of the cell. This thesis summarises my research into the control of the abundance of trnas by individual trna gene expression changes in mammalian organisms. I will show that trna gene expression ...
... anticodon interface to mrna-to-protein translation, and how its stability is maintained during the life of the cell. This thesis summarises my research into the control of the abundance of trnas by individual trna gene expression changes in mammalian organisms. I will show that trna gene expression ...
The cuticle
... To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] ...
... To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] ...
SURVEY AND SUMMARY A profusion of upstream open reading
... in plants. The presence of the two adjacent nearly universally conserved prolines is significant because of the known effects of this amino acid on translation termination when encoded by the penultimate or last sense codon of an ORF (25). Within each of the four orthologous uCC groups there are addit ...
... in plants. The presence of the two adjacent nearly universally conserved prolines is significant because of the known effects of this amino acid on translation termination when encoded by the penultimate or last sense codon of an ORF (25). Within each of the four orthologous uCC groups there are addit ...
Puffs and PCR: the in vivo dynamics of early gene
... of the salivary gland and showed once more that although many early puffs were common to the two tissues there were differences in their response which might find their counterparts at the molecular level. This idea has been developed in the tissue coordination model (Burtis et al., 1990; Thummel et ...
... of the salivary gland and showed once more that although many early puffs were common to the two tissues there were differences in their response which might find their counterparts at the molecular level. This idea has been developed in the tissue coordination model (Burtis et al., 1990; Thummel et ...
Origins and Early Evolution of the tRNA Molecule
... Francis Crick once remarked that transfer RNA (tRNA) looks like nature’s attempt to make RNA do the job of a protein [1]. tRNA, discovered by Paul Zamecnik and collaborators [2], is a literal “adaptor” molecule [3] that mediates the translation of information from messenger RNAs (mRNAs). tRNA was th ...
... Francis Crick once remarked that transfer RNA (tRNA) looks like nature’s attempt to make RNA do the job of a protein [1]. tRNA, discovered by Paul Zamecnik and collaborators [2], is a literal “adaptor” molecule [3] that mediates the translation of information from messenger RNAs (mRNAs). tRNA was th ...
Stress Induction of Mitochondrial Formate Dehydrogenase in Potato
... greenhouse at 20°C under a 16-h photoperiod. Hypoxia (2–3% O2 [v/v]) was created for 8 to 48 h in an airtight Perspex chamber (made in the lab) flushed with N2 for 2 out of 12 h. Cold stress was induced at 4°C for 24 or 48 h. To induce drought stress, plants were dug up carefully and placed for 24 t ...
... greenhouse at 20°C under a 16-h photoperiod. Hypoxia (2–3% O2 [v/v]) was created for 8 to 48 h in an airtight Perspex chamber (made in the lab) flushed with N2 for 2 out of 12 h. Cold stress was induced at 4°C for 24 or 48 h. To induce drought stress, plants were dug up carefully and placed for 24 t ...
Pleiotropic effects of the mouse lethal yellow (Ay) mutation
... implantation. Although these pleiotropic effects have not been separated by recombination, previous studies have suggested that the dominant and recessive effects result from distinct genetic lesions. Here we use a combination of genomic and cDNA cloning experiments to demonstrate that the Ay mutati ...
... implantation. Although these pleiotropic effects have not been separated by recombination, previous studies have suggested that the dominant and recessive effects result from distinct genetic lesions. Here we use a combination of genomic and cDNA cloning experiments to demonstrate that the Ay mutati ...
Inhibition of RNA Synthesis by Anthracycline Analogs
... of anthracyclines in the treatment of leukemias and other forms of cancer. The biological and pharmacological activities of these drugs appear to be, at least in part, due to their ability to interact with DNA. ...
... of anthracyclines in the treatment of leukemias and other forms of cancer. The biological and pharmacological activities of these drugs appear to be, at least in part, due to their ability to interact with DNA. ...
A caudal mRNA gradient controls posterior development in the wasp
... patterning by activating transcription of the gap genes hunchback (hb) and Krüppel (Kr). This role in gap gene activation is played by bcd and maternal hb in Drosophila. It has thus been proposed that, in ancestral insects, cad sits at the top of the segmentation cascade and regulates gap gene expre ...
... patterning by activating transcription of the gap genes hunchback (hb) and Krüppel (Kr). This role in gap gene activation is played by bcd and maternal hb in Drosophila. It has thus been proposed that, in ancestral insects, cad sits at the top of the segmentation cascade and regulates gap gene expre ...
Transvection and pairing of a Drosophila Hox long noncoding RNA
... mutations break within a region in the ftz-Antp interval where intergenic transcription has been previously observed (Calhoun and Levine 2003). One additional GOF mutation maps distal to this region in the first intron of Antp. Though transcripts from the ftz-Antp interval have been structurally det ...
... mutations break within a region in the ftz-Antp interval where intergenic transcription has been previously observed (Calhoun and Levine 2003). One additional GOF mutation maps distal to this region in the first intron of Antp. Though transcripts from the ftz-Antp interval have been structurally det ...
Multiple RNA regulatory elements mediate distinct
... Pattern formation in the early development of many organisms relies on localized cytoplasmic proteins, which can be prelocalized as mRNAs. The Drosophila oskar gene, required both for posterior body patterning and germ cell determination, encodes one such mRNA. Localization of oskar mRNA is an elabo ...
... Pattern formation in the early development of many organisms relies on localized cytoplasmic proteins, which can be prelocalized as mRNAs. The Drosophila oskar gene, required both for posterior body patterning and germ cell determination, encodes one such mRNA. Localization of oskar mRNA is an elabo ...
Genetic regulation of cold-induced albinism in
... The data show that exposure of seedlings to low temperatures during early leaf biogenesis led to chlorophyll losses in this inbred. A661 shows a high plasticity, recovering resting levels of photosynthesis activity when exposed to optimal temperatures. Biochemical and transcriptome data indicate tha ...
... The data show that exposure of seedlings to low temperatures during early leaf biogenesis led to chlorophyll losses in this inbred. A661 shows a high plasticity, recovering resting levels of photosynthesis activity when exposed to optimal temperatures. Biochemical and transcriptome data indicate tha ...
... is inhibited. As the ncRNA is not produced maternally, most genes within the domain are free to be expressed from that chromosome (Figure 1). Recent experiments have strongly suggested that the silencing mechanism of Kcnq1ot1 RNA involves a spreading activity in cis, recruitment of Polycomb group pr ...
Comparison of Genes Encoding Enzymes of Sterol Biosynthesis
... Sterols are ubiquitous membrane lipid components found in eukaryotic organisms. Sterols are known to serve novel functions in eukaryotes. Sterol biosynthesis pathways differ among fungi, plants and vertebrates. Lipid biosynthesis has been extensively studied in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisi ...
... Sterols are ubiquitous membrane lipid components found in eukaryotic organisms. Sterols are known to serve novel functions in eukaryotes. Sterol biosynthesis pathways differ among fungi, plants and vertebrates. Lipid biosynthesis has been extensively studied in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisi ...
Formation of Monoterpenes in Antirrhinum majus
... Characterization of FPPS and GGPPS activities, and in some cases of the purified homodimeric enzymes, has been reported from numerous plant sources as well as from animals and microorganisms. Recently, genes encoding FPPS and GGPPS have been isolated from a diverse range of plant species in which th ...
... Characterization of FPPS and GGPPS activities, and in some cases of the purified homodimeric enzymes, has been reported from numerous plant sources as well as from animals and microorganisms. Recently, genes encoding FPPS and GGPPS have been isolated from a diverse range of plant species in which th ...
Molecular Biology Reports
... (accession no. Q43578.1), respectively. The alignment of deduced amino acid sequence showed 98, 87, and 86 % sequence identity with LCY-b of Ipomoea sp. Kenyan, S. tuberosum chloroplastic-like LCY-b, and S. lycopersicum chloroplastic-like LCY-b, respectively (Fig. 2a). IbLCY-b has conserved motifs r ...
... (accession no. Q43578.1), respectively. The alignment of deduced amino acid sequence showed 98, 87, and 86 % sequence identity with LCY-b of Ipomoea sp. Kenyan, S. tuberosum chloroplastic-like LCY-b, and S. lycopersicum chloroplastic-like LCY-b, respectively (Fig. 2a). IbLCY-b has conserved motifs r ...
PDF File
... energy functions. A general and important lesson to be drawn is that one must be aware of the information used to create a model in order to understand the power and limits of its predictive value. Over time, many of the predicted helical regions of the Tetrahymena intron were tested via mutagenesis ...
... energy functions. A general and important lesson to be drawn is that one must be aware of the information used to create a model in order to understand the power and limits of its predictive value. Over time, many of the predicted helical regions of the Tetrahymena intron were tested via mutagenesis ...
Molecular Evolution of Overlapping Genes
... Overlapping genes are defined as a pair of protein-coding genes whose coding regions overlap on either the same strand or on the opposite strand. The sequence interdependence between two overlapping coding regions adds complexity to almost all molecular evolution analyses. Here, I use a comparative- ...
... Overlapping genes are defined as a pair of protein-coding genes whose coding regions overlap on either the same strand or on the opposite strand. The sequence interdependence between two overlapping coding regions adds complexity to almost all molecular evolution analyses. Here, I use a comparative- ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.