Developing a CRISPR/Cas9 System for Volvox Carteri
... targeted mutations. The Cas9/CRISPR system is simpler and more precise than previously developed genome editing systems. The high precision is due to the CRISPR associated (Cas) endonuclease’s ability to bind DNA via associated guide RNAs. Cas endonucleases can delete or add bases to the genome, whi ...
... targeted mutations. The Cas9/CRISPR system is simpler and more precise than previously developed genome editing systems. The high precision is due to the CRISPR associated (Cas) endonuclease’s ability to bind DNA via associated guide RNAs. Cas endonucleases can delete or add bases to the genome, whi ...
A preanaphase role for a Cks/Suc1 in acentrosomal spindle
... mammalian genomes also have two Cks genes, they are more similar in sequence to each other than to either of the two cks genes in Drosophila (Fig 4A). We next examined the gene expression pattern of the two cks genes during Drosophila development. RNAs were isolated from various stages of developmen ...
... mammalian genomes also have two Cks genes, they are more similar in sequence to each other than to either of the two cks genes in Drosophila (Fig 4A). We next examined the gene expression pattern of the two cks genes during Drosophila development. RNAs were isolated from various stages of developmen ...
BIOLOGY (Theory) 57/2 SECTION – A 1. Name the two gases
... 7. State one reason why breast-feeding the baby acts as a natural contraceptive for the mother. Ans. Breast-feeding prevents ovulation during lactation/absence of menstruation ...
... 7. State one reason why breast-feeding the baby acts as a natural contraceptive for the mother. Ans. Breast-feeding prevents ovulation during lactation/absence of menstruation ...
The Toll immune-regulated Drosophila protein Fondue is involved in
... induced upon microbial infection (De Gregorio et al., 2002). Prior to this humoral response, coagulation acts to seal wounds and to trap microbes, blocking their entry into the hemocoel. In Drosophila larvae, a clot composed of fibers trapping hemocytes is rapidly generated at the site of injury. It ...
... induced upon microbial infection (De Gregorio et al., 2002). Prior to this humoral response, coagulation acts to seal wounds and to trap microbes, blocking their entry into the hemocoel. In Drosophila larvae, a clot composed of fibers trapping hemocytes is rapidly generated at the site of injury. It ...
pdf
... combs on mid-legs (Scm ; Fig. 1B) and Pcl (Fig. 1C) embryos, as well as patchy expression in the anterior of some segments in Posterior sex combs (Psc , Fig. 1D), pleiohomeotic (pho ), and polycombeotic (pco , also called Enhancer of zeste, Jones and Gelbart, 1990) embryos (data not shown). The effe ...
... combs on mid-legs (Scm ; Fig. 1B) and Pcl (Fig. 1C) embryos, as well as patchy expression in the anterior of some segments in Posterior sex combs (Psc , Fig. 1D), pleiohomeotic (pho ), and polycombeotic (pco , also called Enhancer of zeste, Jones and Gelbart, 1990) embryos (data not shown). The effe ...
tRNA
... The "empty" tRNA is released and the ribosome moves down the mRNA, one codon to the right. The tRNA that is attached to the two amino acids is now in the first tRNA binding site and the second tRNA binding site is empty. Termination: ...
... The "empty" tRNA is released and the ribosome moves down the mRNA, one codon to the right. The tRNA that is attached to the two amino acids is now in the first tRNA binding site and the second tRNA binding site is empty. Termination: ...
Ribosomes: Cashing in on crystals
... density map and a complete atomic model may be available in the near future. A similar level of atomic detail is seen in the 5.5 Å resolution map of the 30S ribosomal subunit from the bacterium Thermus thermophilus. Clemons et al. [3] produced a map of the small subunit with the characteristic shape ...
... density map and a complete atomic model may be available in the near future. A similar level of atomic detail is seen in the 5.5 Å resolution map of the 30S ribosomal subunit from the bacterium Thermus thermophilus. Clemons et al. [3] produced a map of the small subunit with the characteristic shape ...
Host Factors in the Replication of Positive
... Cholesterol and fatty acids are essential constituents of cellular membrane lipids that regulate the fluidity, permeability, and integrity of cell membranes. In addition, various lipid groups can be covalently attached to proteins, a process known as protein lipidation. This class of posttranslation ...
... Cholesterol and fatty acids are essential constituents of cellular membrane lipids that regulate the fluidity, permeability, and integrity of cell membranes. In addition, various lipid groups can be covalently attached to proteins, a process known as protein lipidation. This class of posttranslation ...
The role of IRES trans-acting factors in regulating translation initiation
... Cap-dependent translation initiation Translation of mRNA into protein involves three stages: initiation, elongation and termination. The initiation step is tightly regulated to allow the cell to respond efficiently to a given stimulus and is the rate-limiting step. Capdependent initiation relies upo ...
... Cap-dependent translation initiation Translation of mRNA into protein involves three stages: initiation, elongation and termination. The initiation step is tightly regulated to allow the cell to respond efficiently to a given stimulus and is the rate-limiting step. Capdependent initiation relies upo ...
Abnormalities of epidermal differentiation associated with
... is involved. Viral D N A replication is detectable only in the suprabasal layers; however it appears likely that the viral episome is present within cells of the basal layer, where early gene products might act to interfere with the normal control of cell proliferation and differentiation (Pfister, ...
... is involved. Viral D N A replication is detectable only in the suprabasal layers; however it appears likely that the viral episome is present within cells of the basal layer, where early gene products might act to interfere with the normal control of cell proliferation and differentiation (Pfister, ...
File
... mRNA sequences such as the ribosomal-binding site and codons direct translation Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display ...
... mRNA sequences such as the ribosomal-binding site and codons direct translation Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display ...
Transcriptional profiling of wheat caryopsis development using
... physiological maturity. Comparison of genes differentially expressed between two time-points revealed a dynamic transcript accumulation profile with major re-programming events that occur at 3–7, 7–14 and 21–28 DPA. A k-means clustering algorithm grouped the differentially expressed genes into 10 cl ...
... physiological maturity. Comparison of genes differentially expressed between two time-points revealed a dynamic transcript accumulation profile with major re-programming events that occur at 3–7, 7–14 and 21–28 DPA. A k-means clustering algorithm grouped the differentially expressed genes into 10 cl ...
The Euglena gracilis chloroplast rpoB gene
... the rpoB locus were characterized by Northern hybridization. Fully-spliced, monocistronic rpoB mRNA, as well as rpoB-rpoC1 and rpoB1-rpoC1-rpoC2 mRNAs were identified. INTRODUCTION Chloroplast genes are transcribed, and the resulting mRNAs are translated via plastid-specific RNA polymerase(s) and ri ...
... the rpoB locus were characterized by Northern hybridization. Fully-spliced, monocistronic rpoB mRNA, as well as rpoB-rpoC1 and rpoB1-rpoC1-rpoC2 mRNAs were identified. INTRODUCTION Chloroplast genes are transcribed, and the resulting mRNAs are translated via plastid-specific RNA polymerase(s) and ri ...
Hyper-eccentric structural genes in the mitochondrial genome of the
... structural genes still remain to be understood. Since the gene fragmentation pattern is generally conserved among the diplonemid species studied to date, it was considered that their structural complexity has plateaued and further gene fragmentation could not occur. Here, we show the mitochondrial g ...
... structural genes still remain to be understood. Since the gene fragmentation pattern is generally conserved among the diplonemid species studied to date, it was considered that their structural complexity has plateaued and further gene fragmentation could not occur. Here, we show the mitochondrial g ...
Document
... • Controlling the expression of eukaryotic genes requires transcription factors. – general transcription factors are required for transcription initiation • required for proper binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA – specific transcription factors increase transcription in certain cells or in respons ...
... • Controlling the expression of eukaryotic genes requires transcription factors. – general transcription factors are required for transcription initiation • required for proper binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA – specific transcription factors increase transcription in certain cells or in respons ...
Computational Identification of Plant MicroRNAs and
... controlling development, particularly those of transcription factors and F-box proteins. However, plant miRNAs have conserved regulatory functions extending beyond development, in that they also target superoxide dismutases, laccases, and ATP sulfurylases. The expression of miR395, the sulfurylaseta ...
... controlling development, particularly those of transcription factors and F-box proteins. However, plant miRNAs have conserved regulatory functions extending beyond development, in that they also target superoxide dismutases, laccases, and ATP sulfurylases. The expression of miR395, the sulfurylaseta ...
The E-Class PPR Protein MEF3 of Arabidopsis
... Fig. 3 Identification of the Arabidopsis thaliana MEF3 gene. (A) Introduction of the A. thaliana Col versions of the two candidate genes for PPR proteins in the mapped genomic window into Ler protoplasts shows differential effects. Sequence analysis of the atp4 cDNA shows that gene At1g06140 strongl ...
... Fig. 3 Identification of the Arabidopsis thaliana MEF3 gene. (A) Introduction of the A. thaliana Col versions of the two candidate genes for PPR proteins in the mapped genomic window into Ler protoplasts shows differential effects. Sequence analysis of the atp4 cDNA shows that gene At1g06140 strongl ...
Modulation of CTCF Insulator Function by
... genes, including regulation of enhancerpromoter interactions, imprinting, inhibition of nucleolar transcription, and coactivation of unlinked genes (Wallace and Felsenfeld, 2007). These diverse functions are in part mediated by the ability of CTCF to stabilize long-range chromatin contacts and organ ...
... genes, including regulation of enhancerpromoter interactions, imprinting, inhibition of nucleolar transcription, and coactivation of unlinked genes (Wallace and Felsenfeld, 2007). These diverse functions are in part mediated by the ability of CTCF to stabilize long-range chromatin contacts and organ ...
Analysis of the root-hair morphogenesis transcriptome reveals the
... 1999) and microtubules (Bibikova et al., 1999). It is also characterized by influx of Ca2þ at the tip and a tip-high intracellular Ca2þ gradient (Bibikova et al., 1997; Schiefelbein et al., 1992; Véry and Davies, 2000; Wymer et al., 1997) and requires tip-localized reactive oxygen species (ROS) pro ...
... 1999) and microtubules (Bibikova et al., 1999). It is also characterized by influx of Ca2þ at the tip and a tip-high intracellular Ca2þ gradient (Bibikova et al., 1997; Schiefelbein et al., 1992; Véry and Davies, 2000; Wymer et al., 1997) and requires tip-localized reactive oxygen species (ROS) pro ...
Chapter 19 Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes and Their
... Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria The Bacterial Operon – An operon is a functional complex of genes containing the information for enzymes of a metabolic pathway. It includes: • Structural genes – code for the enzymes and are translated from a single mRNA (Polycistronic). • Promoter – where t ...
... Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria The Bacterial Operon – An operon is a functional complex of genes containing the information for enzymes of a metabolic pathway. It includes: • Structural genes – code for the enzymes and are translated from a single mRNA (Polycistronic). • Promoter – where t ...
Transcription (genetics)
... Break. Step 2: The free nucleotides of the RNA, pair with complementary DNA bases. Step 3: RNA sugar-phosphate backbone forms. (Aided by RNA Polymerase.) Step 4: Hydrogen bonds of the untwisted RNA+DNA "ladder" break, then the RNA leaves the nucleus through the small nucleur pores. This then goes to ...
... Break. Step 2: The free nucleotides of the RNA, pair with complementary DNA bases. Step 3: RNA sugar-phosphate backbone forms. (Aided by RNA Polymerase.) Step 4: Hydrogen bonds of the untwisted RNA+DNA "ladder" break, then the RNA leaves the nucleus through the small nucleur pores. This then goes to ...
A defense-offense multi-layered regulatory switch in a pathogenic
... in response to quorum sensing signal. We identified and studied the structural characteristics and dynamic properties of the core regulatory circuit governing this switch by deterministic and stochastic computational methods, as well as experimentally. This module, termed here Double Selector Switch ...
... in response to quorum sensing signal. We identified and studied the structural characteristics and dynamic properties of the core regulatory circuit governing this switch by deterministic and stochastic computational methods, as well as experimentally. This module, termed here Double Selector Switch ...
Chapter 10
... – DNA specifies the synthesis of proteins in two stages: • Transcription, the transfer of genetic information from DNA into an RNA molecule • Translation, the transfer of information from RNA into a protein – Transcription and translation are how genes control: The structures & the activities of cel ...
... – DNA specifies the synthesis of proteins in two stages: • Transcription, the transfer of genetic information from DNA into an RNA molecule • Translation, the transfer of information from RNA into a protein – Transcription and translation are how genes control: The structures & the activities of cel ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.