Chapter 26:Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
... apoenzyme can catalyze reactions by themselves A cofactor can be either an inorganic ion or an organic molecule, called a coenzyme Many coenzymes are derived from vitamins, organic molecules that are dietary requirements for metabolism and/or growth Based on McMurry, Organic Chemistry, Chapter 2 ...
... apoenzyme can catalyze reactions by themselves A cofactor can be either an inorganic ion or an organic molecule, called a coenzyme Many coenzymes are derived from vitamins, organic molecules that are dietary requirements for metabolism and/or growth Based on McMurry, Organic Chemistry, Chapter 2 ...
Muscle Tissue
... Alanine, like lactate, can be converted into glucose by the liver. Why does the muscle release alanine? Muscle can absorb and transaminate branched-chain amino acids; however, it cannot form urea. Consequently, the nitrogen is released into the blood as alanine. ...
... Alanine, like lactate, can be converted into glucose by the liver. Why does the muscle release alanine? Muscle can absorb and transaminate branched-chain amino acids; however, it cannot form urea. Consequently, the nitrogen is released into the blood as alanine. ...
Pyruvate Kinase - Wiley Online Library
... Class L, the major component in liver extracts and a minor component of kidney extracts, shows markedly sigmoidal kinetics with respect to the concentration of phosphoenolpyruvate, allosteric inhibition by ATP and alanine, and activation by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Class A, present in adipose tiss ...
... Class L, the major component in liver extracts and a minor component of kidney extracts, shows markedly sigmoidal kinetics with respect to the concentration of phosphoenolpyruvate, allosteric inhibition by ATP and alanine, and activation by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Class A, present in adipose tiss ...
Carbohydrate Storage and Synthesis in Liver and Muscle: Glycogen
... Hypoglycemia – hyperglycemia ‐ glycemia Glycogen Metabolism [glucose], in blood plasma Introduction Prandial (meal): preprandial, postprandial, … postabsorptive ...
... Hypoglycemia – hyperglycemia ‐ glycemia Glycogen Metabolism [glucose], in blood plasma Introduction Prandial (meal): preprandial, postprandial, … postabsorptive ...
Context: The nitrogen cycle
... responsible for emissions of NO / NO2 from technical combustion processes. The most dominant one is the combustion taking place in car engines. If average concentrations in the air become too high this can, under certain conditions, lead to ozone smog. Furthermore, nitrogen oxides are converted in a ...
... responsible for emissions of NO / NO2 from technical combustion processes. The most dominant one is the combustion taking place in car engines. If average concentrations in the air become too high this can, under certain conditions, lead to ozone smog. Furthermore, nitrogen oxides are converted in a ...
Fulltext - Jultika
... perfusion, histology, and endurance testing. Our results suggest Mecr plays a role in mitochondrial and heart function. Therefore, inappropriate expression of the genes of FAS II may result in the development of cardiomyopathy. ...
... perfusion, histology, and endurance testing. Our results suggest Mecr plays a role in mitochondrial and heart function. Therefore, inappropriate expression of the genes of FAS II may result in the development of cardiomyopathy. ...
The Permeability Properties of Rat Liver Lysosomes to Nucleosides
... digestion are the mononucleotides, which could be further degraded within lysosomes by an enzyme or enzymes of the acid phosphatase complex to yield the nucleosides (Arsenis e t ul., 1970). The fate of nucleosides arising within lysosomes in this way is not known. One possibility is the penetration ...
... digestion are the mononucleotides, which could be further degraded within lysosomes by an enzyme or enzymes of the acid phosphatase complex to yield the nucleosides (Arsenis e t ul., 1970). The fate of nucleosides arising within lysosomes in this way is not known. One possibility is the penetration ...
The Enterobacteriaceae
... Oxidation-reduction of glucose in the absence of molecular oxygen (anaerobic glycolysis) Energy from hydrolysis of chemical bonds in anaerobic glycolysis captured as high energy phosphate bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) NAD is reduced to NADH2 by accepting electrons during glycolytic conversio ...
... Oxidation-reduction of glucose in the absence of molecular oxygen (anaerobic glycolysis) Energy from hydrolysis of chemical bonds in anaerobic glycolysis captured as high energy phosphate bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) NAD is reduced to NADH2 by accepting electrons during glycolytic conversio ...
Dinazyme C/S
... Involves movement of electrons from one molecule to another. In biological systems we usually see the removal of hydrogen from the substrate. Enzymes in this class are called dehydrogenases. Ex., alcohol dehydrogen-ase catalyzes reactions of the type R-CH2OH + A → R-CHO + H2A, where A is an acceptor ...
... Involves movement of electrons from one molecule to another. In biological systems we usually see the removal of hydrogen from the substrate. Enzymes in this class are called dehydrogenases. Ex., alcohol dehydrogen-ase catalyzes reactions of the type R-CH2OH + A → R-CHO + H2A, where A is an acceptor ...
T03 growth2013
... of electrons from the electron donor (a redox couple that of a more negative potential than that of the electron accepting redox couple) to the acceptor that liberates energy which is conserved as ATP. The ATP is typically generated during this electron transfer via electron transport phosphorylatio ...
... of electrons from the electron donor (a redox couple that of a more negative potential than that of the electron accepting redox couple) to the acceptor that liberates energy which is conserved as ATP. The ATP is typically generated during this electron transfer via electron transport phosphorylatio ...
Analysis of the Role of Mitochondria of Sake in Fermentation Technologies
... 4. Effect of oxygen availability on yeast cell constituents The existence of oxygen has great impact on not only the physiology of yeast cells but also the constituents of yeast cells. This is because molecular oxygen is required for the synthesis of many biological molecules such as unsaturated fat ...
... 4. Effect of oxygen availability on yeast cell constituents The existence of oxygen has great impact on not only the physiology of yeast cells but also the constituents of yeast cells. This is because molecular oxygen is required for the synthesis of many biological molecules such as unsaturated fat ...
MethyZobaciZZus: a New Genus of Obligately Methylotrophic Bacteria
... 54.1 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Nitrogen-limited cells accumulate over 5% of their dry weight as a glycogen-like reserve material. This polysaccharide is a homoglucan which is similar to glycogen in its iodine-staining properties and its degree of degradation by phosphorylase a . Some of the glucos ...
... 54.1 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Nitrogen-limited cells accumulate over 5% of their dry weight as a glycogen-like reserve material. This polysaccharide is a homoglucan which is similar to glycogen in its iodine-staining properties and its degree of degradation by phosphorylase a . Some of the glucos ...
New liquid absorbents for the removal of CO2 from gas
... nitrogen from anaesthetic circuits, therefore, such technology would be a significant step for the development of anaesthesia. Membrane contactors present also an alternative to this problem and can serve to remove carbon dioxide from such anaesthetics closed systems, where energy-efficiency, bio-co ...
... nitrogen from anaesthetic circuits, therefore, such technology would be a significant step for the development of anaesthesia. Membrane contactors present also an alternative to this problem and can serve to remove carbon dioxide from such anaesthetics closed systems, where energy-efficiency, bio-co ...
PDF
... induced a o,a-carboxypeptidase in glycopeptideresistant strains of enterocoeei that catalysed removal of o-alanine from UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide or from D-AIa-D-AIa; however, this enzyme activity was not tested against molecules terminating in acyl-o-Ala-D-lactate which are hydrolysed by penicillin-s ...
... induced a o,a-carboxypeptidase in glycopeptideresistant strains of enterocoeei that catalysed removal of o-alanine from UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide or from D-AIa-D-AIa; however, this enzyme activity was not tested against molecules terminating in acyl-o-Ala-D-lactate which are hydrolysed by penicillin-s ...
Production of lactic acid using a new homofermentative
... 10 mmol−1 l−1 h−1 was attained (Fig. 1C). Therefore, to better understand the behaviour of CBRD01, it was of interest to discuss its fermentation profile in two phases (phase 1, 0–12 h; phase 2, 12–24 h). The total glucose consumption at 24 h was 94.06 mmol l−1 (Table 3). Although the lactate yield ...
... 10 mmol−1 l−1 h−1 was attained (Fig. 1C). Therefore, to better understand the behaviour of CBRD01, it was of interest to discuss its fermentation profile in two phases (phase 1, 0–12 h; phase 2, 12–24 h). The total glucose consumption at 24 h was 94.06 mmol l−1 (Table 3). Although the lactate yield ...
3 Amino Acids - Minificciones
... these amino acids highly hydrophilic (Figure 3.5). Lysine and arginine have relatively long side chains that terminate with groups that are positively charged at neutral pH. Lysine is topped by an amino group and arginine by a guanidinium group. Note that the R groups of lysine and arginine have dua ...
... these amino acids highly hydrophilic (Figure 3.5). Lysine and arginine have relatively long side chains that terminate with groups that are positively charged at neutral pH. Lysine is topped by an amino group and arginine by a guanidinium group. Note that the R groups of lysine and arginine have dua ...
Mitochondrial trans-2-Enoyl-CoA Reductase of Wax Ester
... In the absence of oxygen, acetyl-CoA stemming from pyruvate serves as the terminal electron acceptor of glucose oxidation via an unusual mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (4). The shift to anaerobic conditions leads to the malonyl-CoA-independent synthesis of wax esters, levels of which can reach u ...
... In the absence of oxygen, acetyl-CoA stemming from pyruvate serves as the terminal electron acceptor of glucose oxidation via an unusual mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (4). The shift to anaerobic conditions leads to the malonyl-CoA-independent synthesis of wax esters, levels of which can reach u ...
Some Aspects of Fatty Acid Oxidation in Isolated Fat
... pellet was then resuspended in sufficient 0.3Msucros medium (0.54.Oml) to give a flnal concentration of 2-6mg of mitochondrial protein/ml and was stored on ice. Preparation of liver mitoch&ndria. The sucrose media were identical with those used for fat-cell mitochondria. Liver (2-3 g) from a single ...
... pellet was then resuspended in sufficient 0.3Msucros medium (0.54.Oml) to give a flnal concentration of 2-6mg of mitochondrial protein/ml and was stored on ice. Preparation of liver mitoch&ndria. The sucrose media were identical with those used for fat-cell mitochondria. Liver (2-3 g) from a single ...
Diapositive 1
... The faecal flora does not exert a barrier effect The ruminal flora exerts a strong barrier effect The faecal environment promotes EHEC growth EHEC growth is oxygen-dependent Chaucheyras Durand et al. 2006, AEM ...
... The faecal flora does not exert a barrier effect The ruminal flora exerts a strong barrier effect The faecal environment promotes EHEC growth EHEC growth is oxygen-dependent Chaucheyras Durand et al. 2006, AEM ...
• Sources of glucose • Phases of glucose homeostasis • Hormones
... glucose in this phase Gluconeogenesis from lactate,pyruvate, alanine and glycerol . In Phase IV Brain uses both glucose and KB for energy. Gluconeogenesis also starts to • decrease. Phase V All body tissues mainly use FA and KB oxidation for energy production • InInsulin which is synthesized in the ...
... glucose in this phase Gluconeogenesis from lactate,pyruvate, alanine and glycerol . In Phase IV Brain uses both glucose and KB for energy. Gluconeogenesis also starts to • decrease. Phase V All body tissues mainly use FA and KB oxidation for energy production • InInsulin which is synthesized in the ...
Effect of Aminoguanidine (Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor
... species, for example rat and human PDK2 proteins share greater than 95% identity in their primary amino acids sequence. The total number of amino acid residues varies among different PDK isomers, for example PDK1 has 436 residues, PDK2 and PDK4 have 407 residues and PDK3 has 406 residues [35]. The G ...
... species, for example rat and human PDK2 proteins share greater than 95% identity in their primary amino acids sequence. The total number of amino acid residues varies among different PDK isomers, for example PDK1 has 436 residues, PDK2 and PDK4 have 407 residues and PDK3 has 406 residues [35]. The G ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.