SADDLEBACK COLLEGE BIOLOGY 20 EXAMINATION 2 STUDY
... • ATP - how it works • What are enzymes and how they work? Chapter 5 • what is an active site - what types of molecules bind there • know the factors that influence enzymatic activity including feedback regulation • be able to tie in: anabolic/catabolic with endergonic/exergonic, simple/complex, mak ...
... • ATP - how it works • What are enzymes and how they work? Chapter 5 • what is an active site - what types of molecules bind there • know the factors that influence enzymatic activity including feedback regulation • be able to tie in: anabolic/catabolic with endergonic/exergonic, simple/complex, mak ...
to find the lecture notes for lecture 4 cellular physiology click here
... literally means “splitting sugar” conversion of glucose (6 carbon sugar) into 2 molecules of pyruvate (3 carbon sugar) pyruvate will be converted into acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) which then enters the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions glucose is oxidized into pyruvate and then continues ...
... literally means “splitting sugar” conversion of glucose (6 carbon sugar) into 2 molecules of pyruvate (3 carbon sugar) pyruvate will be converted into acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) which then enters the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions glucose is oxidized into pyruvate and then continues ...
Cellular Metabolism and Nutrition notes
... phosphate is removed and ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + a phosphate group is formed. ...
... phosphate is removed and ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + a phosphate group is formed. ...
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
... • Protons transported from the matrix to the inner mitochondrial space results in an electric gradient and a pH gradient • As the protons flow through the membrane channel back into the matrix they drive ATP synthesis Occurs with energy utilized by ATP synthase This proton transport couples electron ...
... • Protons transported from the matrix to the inner mitochondrial space results in an electric gradient and a pH gradient • As the protons flow through the membrane channel back into the matrix they drive ATP synthesis Occurs with energy utilized by ATP synthase This proton transport couples electron ...
Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
... high-energy electrons and a hydrogen ion are added to an “empty” electron-carrier NAD+ to make the high-energy electron-carrier molecule NADH – Because two G3P molecules are produced per glucose molecule, two NADH carrier molecules are formed ...
... high-energy electrons and a hydrogen ion are added to an “empty” electron-carrier NAD+ to make the high-energy electron-carrier molecule NADH – Because two G3P molecules are produced per glucose molecule, two NADH carrier molecules are formed ...
Metabolism
... APS, after which it is reduced to sulfide (S-2) and then attached to serine, converting it to cysteine. phosphate (PO4-3) is generally found in the same form as it is used. It just needs to be transported into the cell. ...
... APS, after which it is reduced to sulfide (S-2) and then attached to serine, converting it to cysteine. phosphate (PO4-3) is generally found in the same form as it is used. It just needs to be transported into the cell. ...
Energy Conversion Pathways 1. Substrate level phosphorylation
... of the CAC reaction steps [succinyl CoA synthetase] that couples GTP synthesis to thioester bond cleavage. Without Pi, this enzyme reaction is inhibited and radioactive carbon would only be found in cycle intermediates that precede this reaction step. 29. The addition of citrate increased the capaci ...
... of the CAC reaction steps [succinyl CoA synthetase] that couples GTP synthesis to thioester bond cleavage. Without Pi, this enzyme reaction is inhibited and radioactive carbon would only be found in cycle intermediates that precede this reaction step. 29. The addition of citrate increased the capaci ...
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
... Stage III. Acetyl CoA is oxidized in citric acid cycle to CO2 and water. As result reduced cofactor, NADH2 and FADH2, are formed which give up their electrons. Electrons are transported via the tissue respiration chain and released energy is coupled directly to ATP synthesis. ...
... Stage III. Acetyl CoA is oxidized in citric acid cycle to CO2 and water. As result reduced cofactor, NADH2 and FADH2, are formed which give up their electrons. Electrons are transported via the tissue respiration chain and released energy is coupled directly to ATP synthesis. ...
For lecture notes click here
... STEP 2: In peripheral capillaries, lipoprotein lipase removes many of the triglycerides from VLDLs, leaving IDLs; the triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and monoglycerides. STEP 3: When IDLs reach the liver, additional triglycerides are removed and the protein content is altered. This pr ...
... STEP 2: In peripheral capillaries, lipoprotein lipase removes many of the triglycerides from VLDLs, leaving IDLs; the triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and monoglycerides. STEP 3: When IDLs reach the liver, additional triglycerides are removed and the protein content is altered. This pr ...
Cellular Respiration
... Lactic Acid Fermentation • End Products: Lactic acid fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - Lactic Acids ...
... Lactic Acid Fermentation • End Products: Lactic acid fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - Lactic Acids ...
respiration - MagnusonScience
... • During glycolysis, glucose, 6-C sugar split into (2) 3-C sugars. • Net yield from glycolysis 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose. • Glycolysis occurs whether O2 present or not. • O2 present, pyruvate moves into ...
... • During glycolysis, glucose, 6-C sugar split into (2) 3-C sugars. • Net yield from glycolysis 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose. • Glycolysis occurs whether O2 present or not. • O2 present, pyruvate moves into ...
Cellular Respiration
... End Products: Lactic acid fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) ...
... End Products: Lactic acid fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) ...
cellresp - Otterville R
... End Products: Lactic acid fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) ...
... End Products: Lactic acid fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) ...
Respiration Eq. for reaction: C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------
... Oxygen (O2): product of photosynthesis that is required to oxidize glucose in respiration Carbon dioxide (CO2): waste product from the Krebs cycle stage of respiration Water (H2O): produced at the end of the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation, where O2 is an e- and H+ acceptor. Ma ...
... Oxygen (O2): product of photosynthesis that is required to oxidize glucose in respiration Carbon dioxide (CO2): waste product from the Krebs cycle stage of respiration Water (H2O): produced at the end of the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation, where O2 is an e- and H+ acceptor. Ma ...
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP)
... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) – energy rich molecule which will be shuttled to the ETC & undergo oxidative phosphorylation to yield more (Think: Disney dollars - can only get this energy converted to ATP at the ETC) ...
... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) – energy rich molecule which will be shuttled to the ETC & undergo oxidative phosphorylation to yield more (Think: Disney dollars - can only get this energy converted to ATP at the ETC) ...
Peroxisomal oxidation of fatty acids
... FA entry into mitochondria via Fatty acyl-carnitinecarnitine transporter: Fatty acyl CoA ester formed on outer mitochondrial membrane do not enter directly in mitochondria. 1.The FA is transferred to OH gp of carnitine by Carnityl acyl transferase I (CAT-I), then the fatty acyl-Carnitine ester is t ...
... FA entry into mitochondria via Fatty acyl-carnitinecarnitine transporter: Fatty acyl CoA ester formed on outer mitochondrial membrane do not enter directly in mitochondria. 1.The FA is transferred to OH gp of carnitine by Carnityl acyl transferase I (CAT-I), then the fatty acyl-Carnitine ester is t ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
... • Under anaerobic condition, e.g. in exercising muscles and in erythrocytes, the pyruvate is reduced to lactate. • In aerobic condition, cell pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO2 by multienzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase, instead of being reduced to lactate. • In erythrocytes, the first si ...
... • Under anaerobic condition, e.g. in exercising muscles and in erythrocytes, the pyruvate is reduced to lactate. • In aerobic condition, cell pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO2 by multienzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase, instead of being reduced to lactate. • In erythrocytes, the first si ...
Stable Isotope and Metabolomics Core Facility
... obesity, and diabetic complications. The Core objectives includes assessments of plasma, urine and tissue metabolite profiles for diagnosis/characterization of physiological and pathophysiological states. These include key metabolites in the glycolytic, gluconeogenic, pentose phosphate, and tricarbo ...
... obesity, and diabetic complications. The Core objectives includes assessments of plasma, urine and tissue metabolite profiles for diagnosis/characterization of physiological and pathophysiological states. These include key metabolites in the glycolytic, gluconeogenic, pentose phosphate, and tricarbo ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.