Acetyl CoA
... acetoacetate. 4. Reduction of acetoacetate yields D-bhydroxybutyrate (do not confuse with L- bhydroxybutyrate of the boxidation pathway). 5. Acetoacetate is easily decarboxylated (may be spontaneously or enzymatically) to acetone and CO2. ...
... acetoacetate. 4. Reduction of acetoacetate yields D-bhydroxybutyrate (do not confuse with L- bhydroxybutyrate of the boxidation pathway). 5. Acetoacetate is easily decarboxylated (may be spontaneously or enzymatically) to acetone and CO2. ...
Cellular Respiration Activity 9 1. The summary formula for cellular
... 12. Humans oxidize glucose in the presence of oxygen. For each mole of glucose oxidized, about 686 kcal of energy is released. This is true whether the mole of glucose is oxidized in human cells or burned in the air. A calorie is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water ...
... 12. Humans oxidize glucose in the presence of oxygen. For each mole of glucose oxidized, about 686 kcal of energy is released. This is true whether the mole of glucose is oxidized in human cells or burned in the air. A calorie is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water ...
Ketogenesis (Biosynthesis of ketone bodies)
... Utilization of ketone bodies by peripheral tissues • Liver constantly produces low levels of ketone bodies, but their production becomes much more significant during starvation, when ketone bodies are needed to provide energy to the peripheral tissues. • Liver actively produces ketone bodies, but i ...
... Utilization of ketone bodies by peripheral tissues • Liver constantly produces low levels of ketone bodies, but their production becomes much more significant during starvation, when ketone bodies are needed to provide energy to the peripheral tissues. • Liver actively produces ketone bodies, but i ...
A chemist has discovered a drug that blocks
... How are these 2 reactions similar? 20. In the presence of a metabolic poison that specifically and completely inhibit the function of mitochondrial ATP synthase, how would you expect the pH difference to change across the inner mitochondrial membrane? What would be the ultimate fate of ATP productio ...
... How are these 2 reactions similar? 20. In the presence of a metabolic poison that specifically and completely inhibit the function of mitochondrial ATP synthase, how would you expect the pH difference to change across the inner mitochondrial membrane? What would be the ultimate fate of ATP productio ...
Energy Systems and Muscle Fibre Types
... Answer- Bioenergetic Conversion, Foods are broken down into their smallest units (glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids). These Units are then eventually converted into a high energy storing molecule called ATP, which in turn can be broken down by the body’s cells releasing energy! ...
... Answer- Bioenergetic Conversion, Foods are broken down into their smallest units (glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids). These Units are then eventually converted into a high energy storing molecule called ATP, which in turn can be broken down by the body’s cells releasing energy! ...
Chapter 9 Cell Respiration
... 2. Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) • mt matrix – Matrix is enclosed by the inner membrane ...
... 2. Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) • mt matrix – Matrix is enclosed by the inner membrane ...
6) Metabolism
... into pyruvate or intermediate of the TCA cycle; gluconeogenesis • Ketogenic amino acids—an a.a.a broken down into acetyl CoA which can be converted into ketone bodies ...
... into pyruvate or intermediate of the TCA cycle; gluconeogenesis • Ketogenic amino acids—an a.a.a broken down into acetyl CoA which can be converted into ketone bodies ...
Cellular Respiration
... C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) 6CO2(g)+ 6H2O(l) This is a combustion reaction Combustion is a kind of redox reaction ...
... C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) 6CO2(g)+ 6H2O(l) This is a combustion reaction Combustion is a kind of redox reaction ...
MEMBRANE-BOUND ELECTRON TRANSFER AND ATP
... But, it can be converted from one form into another ...
... But, it can be converted from one form into another ...
Document
... • Aerobic respiration: the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O2). • Anaerobic respiration: the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not O2. Yields less energy than aerobic respiration because only part of the Krebs cycles operates unde ...
... • Aerobic respiration: the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O2). • Anaerobic respiration: the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not O2. Yields less energy than aerobic respiration because only part of the Krebs cycles operates unde ...
Energy Metabolism
... set of metabolic processes where large molecules are broken down into smaller parts and then used up in respiration, energy is released Source of energy: 1) organic molecules (in organotrophs - animals, plants) 2) inorganic substrates (in lithotrophs - chemosynt. bacteria) 3) sunlight (in phototrop ...
... set of metabolic processes where large molecules are broken down into smaller parts and then used up in respiration, energy is released Source of energy: 1) organic molecules (in organotrophs - animals, plants) 2) inorganic substrates (in lithotrophs - chemosynt. bacteria) 3) sunlight (in phototrop ...
Biology 1408 - Lone Star College
... 21) During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose A) is carried by electrons. B) is released by endergonic reactions. C) is released all at once. D) is used to manufacture glucose by exergonic reactions. E) None of the choices are correct. ...
... 21) During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose A) is carried by electrons. B) is released by endergonic reactions. C) is released all at once. D) is used to manufacture glucose by exergonic reactions. E) None of the choices are correct. ...
History of Fermentation Processes and Their Fundamental
... Glycolytic degradation of glucose to two lactate (DG = -47.0 kcal/mole) (47/686) X 100 = 6.9 percent of the total energy that can be set free from glucose This does NOT mean anaerobic glycolysis is wasteful, but only incomplete to this point of metabolism! ...
... Glycolytic degradation of glucose to two lactate (DG = -47.0 kcal/mole) (47/686) X 100 = 6.9 percent of the total energy that can be set free from glucose This does NOT mean anaerobic glycolysis is wasteful, but only incomplete to this point of metabolism! ...
Cellular Respiration
... Summary of citric acid cycle • Per molecule glucose =2 pyruvate – NADH and FADH 2 electron donors – 2 ATP (1 per turn) per glucose ...
... Summary of citric acid cycle • Per molecule glucose =2 pyruvate – NADH and FADH 2 electron donors – 2 ATP (1 per turn) per glucose ...
Chapter 9
... Summary of citric acid cycle • Per molecule glucose =2 pyruvate – NADH and FADH 2 electron donors – 2 ATP (1 per turn) per glucose ...
... Summary of citric acid cycle • Per molecule glucose =2 pyruvate – NADH and FADH 2 electron donors – 2 ATP (1 per turn) per glucose ...
Lecture 24 (4/29/13) "The Food You Eat
... (A) In the cell, enzymes catalyze oxidation via a series of small steps in which free energy is transferred in conveniently sized packets to carrier molecules—most often ATP and NADH. At each step, an enzyme controls the reaction by reducing the activation energy barrier that has to be surmounted be ...
... (A) In the cell, enzymes catalyze oxidation via a series of small steps in which free energy is transferred in conveniently sized packets to carrier molecules—most often ATP and NADH. At each step, an enzyme controls the reaction by reducing the activation energy barrier that has to be surmounted be ...
Adv. Bio. Ch 9 Glyco and Resp
... CO2 - leaving acetate (2C) ***1st time CO2 released 2.) e- passed from acetate (thanks to an enzyme) reducing NAD+ NADH 3.) Coenzyme A attaches to acetate forming acetyl CoA – which will enter the CAC to be fully oxidized ...
... CO2 - leaving acetate (2C) ***1st time CO2 released 2.) e- passed from acetate (thanks to an enzyme) reducing NAD+ NADH 3.) Coenzyme A attaches to acetate forming acetyl CoA – which will enter the CAC to be fully oxidized ...
Nerve activates contraction
... synthesis via the proton gradient and ATP synthase. This occurs primarily in the presence of oxygen. Chemiosmosisthe phosphorylation of ADP to ATP occurring when protons that are following a concentration gradient contact ATP synthase. ...
... synthesis via the proton gradient and ATP synthase. This occurs primarily in the presence of oxygen. Chemiosmosisthe phosphorylation of ADP to ATP occurring when protons that are following a concentration gradient contact ATP synthase. ...
Chapter 9 - Angelfire
... d. Iron (III) e. Fumerate Electron obtained from inorganic nutrients is accomplished by chemolithotrophs. The final electron acceptor can be any of the following; a. O2 b. Nitrate c. Sulfate ...
... d. Iron (III) e. Fumerate Electron obtained from inorganic nutrients is accomplished by chemolithotrophs. The final electron acceptor can be any of the following; a. O2 b. Nitrate c. Sulfate ...
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle The First of the Final Common Pathways
... The concentrations of TCA cycle intermediates can be increased by reactions called ANAPLEUROTIC REACTIONS. One of the three important anapleurotic reactions is the formation of oxaloacetate from pyruvate. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme Pyruvate Carboxylase. Pyruvate Carboxylase is a mitoch ...
... The concentrations of TCA cycle intermediates can be increased by reactions called ANAPLEUROTIC REACTIONS. One of the three important anapleurotic reactions is the formation of oxaloacetate from pyruvate. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme Pyruvate Carboxylase. Pyruvate Carboxylase is a mitoch ...
Microbiology: A Systems Approach, 2nd ed.
... Primary energy currency of the cell When used in a chemical reaction, must be replaced Ongoing cycle Adding a phosphate to ADP replenishes ATP but it requires an input of energy • In heterotrophs, this energy comes from certain steps of catabolic pathways • Some ATP molecules are formed through subs ...
... Primary energy currency of the cell When used in a chemical reaction, must be replaced Ongoing cycle Adding a phosphate to ADP replenishes ATP but it requires an input of energy • In heterotrophs, this energy comes from certain steps of catabolic pathways • Some ATP molecules are formed through subs ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.