Chapter 7 Active Reading Guide
... 16. The starting product of glycolysis is the six-carbon sugar __________, and the ending products are two __________-carbon molecules of ___________________. 17. The ten individual steps of glycolysis can be divided into two stages: energy investment and energy payoff. These steps are shown in Figu ...
... 16. The starting product of glycolysis is the six-carbon sugar __________, and the ending products are two __________-carbon molecules of ___________________. 17. The ten individual steps of glycolysis can be divided into two stages: energy investment and energy payoff. These steps are shown in Figu ...
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and other Energy
... Notice that these reactions are opposites - this is important since the earth is a closed system. All life has a set amount of natural materials to work with, so it is important that they all be cycled through effectively and evenly. ...
... Notice that these reactions are opposites - this is important since the earth is a closed system. All life has a set amount of natural materials to work with, so it is important that they all be cycled through effectively and evenly. ...
Oxidative Phosphorylation Goal: ATP Synthesis
... • NADH pumps 10 protons when 2 e‐ reduce ½ O2 – 4 protons in Complex I, 4 protons in Complex III, and 2 protons in Complex IV ...
... • NADH pumps 10 protons when 2 e‐ reduce ½ O2 – 4 protons in Complex I, 4 protons in Complex III, and 2 protons in Complex IV ...
1. Fatty acids are broken down by the ß
... Carnitine acyltransferase I is inhibited by malonyl CoA, preventing the breakdown of freshly synthesized fatty acids. ...
... Carnitine acyltransferase I is inhibited by malonyl CoA, preventing the breakdown of freshly synthesized fatty acids. ...
Krebs Cycle - cloudfront.net
... six of its carbon atoms have combined with oxygen to form carbon dioxide. The energy from its chemical bonds has been stored in a total of 16 energy-carrier molecules. These molecules are: • 4 ATP (including 2 from glycolysis) • 10 NADH (including 2 from glycolysis) • 2 FADH2 The Krebs cycle is revi ...
... six of its carbon atoms have combined with oxygen to form carbon dioxide. The energy from its chemical bonds has been stored in a total of 16 energy-carrier molecules. These molecules are: • 4 ATP (including 2 from glycolysis) • 10 NADH (including 2 from glycolysis) • 2 FADH2 The Krebs cycle is revi ...
Lecture 7-enzymes 3
... Oxygenases Oxygenases catalyze substrate oxidation by molecular O2 The reduced product of the reaction in this case is water and not hydrogen peroxide There are two types of oxygenases: Monooxygenases; transfer one oxygen atom to the substrate, and reduce the other oxygen atom to water Di ...
... Oxygenases Oxygenases catalyze substrate oxidation by molecular O2 The reduced product of the reaction in this case is water and not hydrogen peroxide There are two types of oxygenases: Monooxygenases; transfer one oxygen atom to the substrate, and reduce the other oxygen atom to water Di ...
Complete breakdown of Glucose:
... • Occurs in the cytoplasm; Does not require oxygen Two Major Components: A) Glucose Activation: Initiate the reaction (takes energy) B) Energy Harvesting: Complete the reaction (makes energy) ...
... • Occurs in the cytoplasm; Does not require oxygen Two Major Components: A) Glucose Activation: Initiate the reaction (takes energy) B) Energy Harvesting: Complete the reaction (makes energy) ...
HOW CELLS HARVEST ENERGY
... Glucose + ADP +NAD + FAD → ATP +NADH +FADH2 High ATP means cell has enuf ATP and ATP acts like allosteric inhibitor to turn off 2nd enzyme in glycolysis (phosphofructokinase) High NADH means too much glucose is being broken down and the cell has enuf ATP it acts as allosteric inhibitor and inhibits ...
... Glucose + ADP +NAD + FAD → ATP +NADH +FADH2 High ATP means cell has enuf ATP and ATP acts like allosteric inhibitor to turn off 2nd enzyme in glycolysis (phosphofructokinase) High NADH means too much glucose is being broken down and the cell has enuf ATP it acts as allosteric inhibitor and inhibits ...
ppt
... Biosynthetic (anabolic) pathways use ATP and reducing power (usually NADPH) to produce new organic compounds. Animal cells: glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) usually starts with lactate (from anaerobic glycolysis), amino acids (breakdown of proteins), or glycerol (breakdown of lipids): • pyruvate ...
... Biosynthetic (anabolic) pathways use ATP and reducing power (usually NADPH) to produce new organic compounds. Animal cells: glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) usually starts with lactate (from anaerobic glycolysis), amino acids (breakdown of proteins), or glycerol (breakdown of lipids): • pyruvate ...
Amino Acid Catabolism
... • Amino acids from degraded proteins or from diet can be used for the biosynthesis of new proteins • During starvation proteins are degraded to amino acids to support glucose formation • First step is often removal of the α-amino group • Carbon chains are altered for entry into central pathways of c ...
... • Amino acids from degraded proteins or from diet can be used for the biosynthesis of new proteins • During starvation proteins are degraded to amino acids to support glucose formation • First step is often removal of the α-amino group • Carbon chains are altered for entry into central pathways of c ...
Biochemistry
... normally allows Hb to release O2 in tissue capillaries. But in these patients Hb has high O2 affinity, leading to Hemolytic Anemia ...
... normally allows Hb to release O2 in tissue capillaries. But in these patients Hb has high O2 affinity, leading to Hemolytic Anemia ...
Chapter 9: How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
... b. Glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate c. Aspartate to oxaloacetate C. Cellular Respiration of Fat 1. Fats first degraded to individual 2. Long carbon chains with many hydrogens hold much energy 3. Fats oxidized in the matrix of the a. Process called 4. Efficiency of metabolizing fats a. Each beta-oxi ...
... b. Glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate c. Aspartate to oxaloacetate C. Cellular Respiration of Fat 1. Fats first degraded to individual 2. Long carbon chains with many hydrogens hold much energy 3. Fats oxidized in the matrix of the a. Process called 4. Efficiency of metabolizing fats a. Each beta-oxi ...
Biochemistry 6/e
... also agree (as above) that 4 H+ are transported into the matrix per ATP synthesized and translocated (1/4 of proton gradient is for adenine nucleotide exchange), then the mitochondrial P/O ratio is 10/4 = 2.5, for the case of electrons entering the electron transport chain as NADH. This is somewhat ...
... also agree (as above) that 4 H+ are transported into the matrix per ATP synthesized and translocated (1/4 of proton gradient is for adenine nucleotide exchange), then the mitochondrial P/O ratio is 10/4 = 2.5, for the case of electrons entering the electron transport chain as NADH. This is somewhat ...
Practice - Univerzita Karlova v Praze
... down the TCA cycle and the associated production of aerobic energy, which is essential to normal brain development. • Newborns are routinelly tested for blood concentration of Phe. • The diet with low-phenylalanine diet. ...
... down the TCA cycle and the associated production of aerobic energy, which is essential to normal brain development. • Newborns are routinelly tested for blood concentration of Phe. • The diet with low-phenylalanine diet. ...
Cellular Respiration
... • NADH passes electrons to an electron transport chain • As electrons “fall” from carrier to carrier and finally to O2 • Energy is released in small quantities NAD+ NADH ...
... • NADH passes electrons to an electron transport chain • As electrons “fall” from carrier to carrier and finally to O2 • Energy is released in small quantities NAD+ NADH ...
Cellular Respiration
... Right before the Krebs Cycle, the Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to Acetyl-CoA. During Krebs, the Acetyl-CoA is broken down into CO2 & electrons (H+). 2 ATP are created. The electrons then move on to the Electron Transport Chain. ...
... Right before the Krebs Cycle, the Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to Acetyl-CoA. During Krebs, the Acetyl-CoA is broken down into CO2 & electrons (H+). 2 ATP are created. The electrons then move on to the Electron Transport Chain. ...
AP Biology Notes Outline Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Cellular R
... The Krebs cycle decomposes pyruvate into Carbon Dioxide. Don’t forget conversion to Acetyl CoA FIRST!!! Pyruvate is broken down into 3 molecules of CO2…including the molecule of CO2 released during pre-Krebs cycle conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. ...
... The Krebs cycle decomposes pyruvate into Carbon Dioxide. Don’t forget conversion to Acetyl CoA FIRST!!! Pyruvate is broken down into 3 molecules of CO2…including the molecule of CO2 released during pre-Krebs cycle conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. ...
AMINO ACID DEGRADATION
... • The carbon atoms of degraded amino acids are found in important intermediate products of the metabolism that can be converted into glucose or can be oxidized in the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. The carbon skeletons of the twenty amino acids are brought back to only seven molecules : pyruvate, acetyl CoA, ac ...
... • The carbon atoms of degraded amino acids are found in important intermediate products of the metabolism that can be converted into glucose or can be oxidized in the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. The carbon skeletons of the twenty amino acids are brought back to only seven molecules : pyruvate, acetyl CoA, ac ...
Are You suprised ?
... A. one molecule of pyruvate, one molecule of ATP, and one molecule of NADH B. one molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, one molecule of pyruvate, and four molecules of ATP. C. two molecules of pyruvate, four molecules of ATP, and two molecules of NADH D. two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ...
... A. one molecule of pyruvate, one molecule of ATP, and one molecule of NADH B. one molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, one molecule of pyruvate, and four molecules of ATP. C. two molecules of pyruvate, four molecules of ATP, and two molecules of NADH D. two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ...
Today`s Objective: SOL 3.d
... The Krebs Cycle generates many highenergy hydrogen atoms Oxygen is added as an electron carrier at this stage When the oxygen binds with the hydrogen, energy is released to form ATP and water is made ...
... The Krebs Cycle generates many highenergy hydrogen atoms Oxygen is added as an electron carrier at this stage When the oxygen binds with the hydrogen, energy is released to form ATP and water is made ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.