... By the end of this section you should be able to: Identify ATP as the high energy compound which transfers energy, and is produced when ADP combines with phosphate in phosphorylation, building up energy, and releases energy when broken down into ADP and phosphate once more. State that cells use high ...
Chapter 2. Fuel for Exercising Muscle
... before entering Krebs cycle • Requires up-front expenditure of 2 ATP • Number of steps depends on number of carbons on FFA – 16-carbon FFA yields 8 acetyl-CoA – Compare: 1 glucose yields 2 acetyl-CoA – Fat oxidation requires more O2 now, yields far more ATP later ...
... before entering Krebs cycle • Requires up-front expenditure of 2 ATP • Number of steps depends on number of carbons on FFA – 16-carbon FFA yields 8 acetyl-CoA – Compare: 1 glucose yields 2 acetyl-CoA – Fat oxidation requires more O2 now, yields far more ATP later ...
division - IRIS - Lake Land College
... Describe the components of blood and the function of each component. Briefly describe the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. Describe the role of the hormones, vasopressin and aldosterone. Give the function of the citric acid cycle, and briefly describe: role of acetyl coenzyme A ...
... Describe the components of blood and the function of each component. Briefly describe the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. Describe the role of the hormones, vasopressin and aldosterone. Give the function of the citric acid cycle, and briefly describe: role of acetyl coenzyme A ...
1 - Medical Mastermind Community
... had not eaten for the last two days, due to a mild infection. Blood glucose and ketone body levels were found to be abnormally low, while circulating non-esterified fatty acids were greatly elevated. An abnormality in which one of the following enzymes is most ...
... had not eaten for the last two days, due to a mild infection. Blood glucose and ketone body levels were found to be abnormally low, while circulating non-esterified fatty acids were greatly elevated. An abnormality in which one of the following enzymes is most ...
Activated B Complex
... vital the B group vitamins are as cofactors for the function of this pathway. If the body is deficient in any of these integral nutrients due to poor supply, reduced absorption or increased demand, it is clear how energy production and well-being may be compromised. Thiamine serves as a cofactor for ...
... vital the B group vitamins are as cofactors for the function of this pathway. If the body is deficient in any of these integral nutrients due to poor supply, reduced absorption or increased demand, it is clear how energy production and well-being may be compromised. Thiamine serves as a cofactor for ...
PACK 3 - Speyside High School
... Some of the chemical reactions are Catabolic and involve the breakdown of large molecules into smaller, simpler ones -e.g. digestion; respiration. Many of these reactions are Exergonic - in other words they liberate energy. Some chemical reactions are Anabolic and involve the building of complex mol ...
... Some of the chemical reactions are Catabolic and involve the breakdown of large molecules into smaller, simpler ones -e.g. digestion; respiration. Many of these reactions are Exergonic - in other words they liberate energy. Some chemical reactions are Anabolic and involve the building of complex mol ...
Triacylglycerol Metabolism Gone Bad: A major cause of disease
... Fatty Acid Synthesis • The main product of fatty acid synthase is palmitic acid (16:0). • Fatty acids can be elongated by other enzymes that add two carbon units from malonyl-CoA. Elongation is particularly important in brain. • Still other enzymes can add double bonds (usually at 9 ). Omega-3 and ...
... Fatty Acid Synthesis • The main product of fatty acid synthase is palmitic acid (16:0). • Fatty acids can be elongated by other enzymes that add two carbon units from malonyl-CoA. Elongation is particularly important in brain. • Still other enzymes can add double bonds (usually at 9 ). Omega-3 and ...
Summary of glycolysis (Embden
... NAD+ by oxidative phosphorylation which needs oxygen. However, during exercise, there is lack of oxygen so this reconversion is not possible, Therefore, the cell has to couple some other reaction in which NAD+ is regenerated in the cytoplasm itself hence, pyruvate is reduced to lactate; the NAD+ thu ...
... NAD+ by oxidative phosphorylation which needs oxygen. However, during exercise, there is lack of oxygen so this reconversion is not possible, Therefore, the cell has to couple some other reaction in which NAD+ is regenerated in the cytoplasm itself hence, pyruvate is reduced to lactate; the NAD+ thu ...
Bio102 Problems
... C. This allows the organelle to have more copies of photosystems I and II and ATP synthase. D. The larger membrane improves its fluidity. E. This makes a more effective barrier to prevent protons from leaking through. 2. At the end of the electron transport chain found in the thylakoid membrane, the ...
... C. This allows the organelle to have more copies of photosystems I and II and ATP synthase. D. The larger membrane improves its fluidity. E. This makes a more effective barrier to prevent protons from leaking through. 2. At the end of the electron transport chain found in the thylakoid membrane, the ...
ATP - Coach Blair`s Biology Website
... (light, heat, chemical, electrical, etc.) • Energy can be stored or released by chemical reactions. • Energy from the sunlight flows through living systems, from autotrophs to heterotrophs. • Cellular respiration and photosynthesis form a cycle because one process uses the products of the other. • A ...
... (light, heat, chemical, electrical, etc.) • Energy can be stored or released by chemical reactions. • Energy from the sunlight flows through living systems, from autotrophs to heterotrophs. • Cellular respiration and photosynthesis form a cycle because one process uses the products of the other. • A ...
Aerobic respiration
... Others are more “fastidious” and require the presence of exogenous amino acids and other organic compounds, e.g. many pathogens and symbionts are fastidious….. e.g. Some Neisseria spp. can only be grown in the lab in the presence of all 20 amino acids and 7 vitamins…. (Please read page 91) ...
... Others are more “fastidious” and require the presence of exogenous amino acids and other organic compounds, e.g. many pathogens and symbionts are fastidious….. e.g. Some Neisseria spp. can only be grown in the lab in the presence of all 20 amino acids and 7 vitamins…. (Please read page 91) ...
2.-lactic-acid-metabolism
... In the absence of oxygen, neither the citric acid cycle nor the electron transport chain can occur! Therefore a cells only source of ATP is through glycolysis. When glucose is broken down into pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2NADH are made. This is followed by the conversion of pyruvate into lactic acid ...
... In the absence of oxygen, neither the citric acid cycle nor the electron transport chain can occur! Therefore a cells only source of ATP is through glycolysis. When glucose is broken down into pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2NADH are made. This is followed by the conversion of pyruvate into lactic acid ...
unit 3 – cellular energy processes
... 2. Describe the first and second laws of thermodynamics. 3. Describe the function and structure of ATP. 4. Describe the role of respiration in the cell’s energy cycle. 5. Define cellular respiration, glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport. 6. Identify the general reactants and product ...
... 2. Describe the first and second laws of thermodynamics. 3. Describe the function and structure of ATP. 4. Describe the role of respiration in the cell’s energy cycle. 5. Define cellular respiration, glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport. 6. Identify the general reactants and product ...
6O2 + C6H12O6 ------------------------
... 2. Oxygen forms bonds with H+ ions which makes _______________. 3. Describe the importance of NADH and FADH2 in making ATP? (minimum of 4 to 5 sentences) RSQ and use the terms, hydrogen, electrons, concentration gradient, mitochondria, ATP synthase, ADP, ATP ...
... 2. Oxygen forms bonds with H+ ions which makes _______________. 3. Describe the importance of NADH and FADH2 in making ATP? (minimum of 4 to 5 sentences) RSQ and use the terms, hydrogen, electrons, concentration gradient, mitochondria, ATP synthase, ADP, ATP ...
carbohydrate metabolism
... processes. Many anabolic reactions occur in cytoplasm. • Cells usually employ different chemical reactions for the breakdown and synthesis of the same molecule. ...
... processes. Many anabolic reactions occur in cytoplasm. • Cells usually employ different chemical reactions for the breakdown and synthesis of the same molecule. ...
Midterm Review
... • What is the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic? – Isotonic solution: Solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell; no net water movement across the plasma membrane – Hypertonic solution: Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water – H ...
... • What is the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic? – Isotonic solution: Solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell; no net water movement across the plasma membrane – Hypertonic solution: Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water – H ...
Week 4
... pumping with ATP synthesis • electron transport generates membrane potential plus proton gradient (=proton motive force) • proton motive force drive ATP synthesis ...
... pumping with ATP synthesis • electron transport generates membrane potential plus proton gradient (=proton motive force) • proton motive force drive ATP synthesis ...
Week 4
... pumping with ATP synthesis • electron transport generates membrane potential plus proton gradient (=proton motive force) • proton motive force drive ATP synthesis ...
... pumping with ATP synthesis • electron transport generates membrane potential plus proton gradient (=proton motive force) • proton motive force drive ATP synthesis ...
9.3 student Fill in notes
... •How does glycolysis produce ATP? •How is ATP produced in aerobic respiration? •Why is fermentation important? ...
... •How does glycolysis produce ATP? •How is ATP produced in aerobic respiration? •Why is fermentation important? ...
Metabolism
... 1. The respiratory and photosynthetic electron transfer chains should be able to establish a proton gradient 2. The ATP synthases should use the proton-motive force to drive the phosphorylation of ADP 3. Energy-transducing membranes should be “impermeable” to protons. If proton conductance is establ ...
... 1. The respiratory and photosynthetic electron transfer chains should be able to establish a proton gradient 2. The ATP synthases should use the proton-motive force to drive the phosphorylation of ADP 3. Energy-transducing membranes should be “impermeable” to protons. If proton conductance is establ ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.