2.3 Outline
... • _________________________ such as starch are chains of three or more monosaccharides. 2. Lipids: • _________________________ are nonpolar molecules that are not soluble in water. They include fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes. • Fats are lipids that store energy. • A typical fat contains th ...
... • _________________________ such as starch are chains of three or more monosaccharides. 2. Lipids: • _________________________ are nonpolar molecules that are not soluble in water. They include fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes. • Fats are lipids that store energy. • A typical fat contains th ...
Title of project: Combating Inheritable heart disease: Functional and
... Mitochondrial adenine nucleotide carriers are polytopic proteins located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. They are essential for life as they are one of the main sources of ATP supply for the cell thanks to their ability to export matrix ATP, synthesised by the respiratory chain, and import cyto ...
... Mitochondrial adenine nucleotide carriers are polytopic proteins located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. They are essential for life as they are one of the main sources of ATP supply for the cell thanks to their ability to export matrix ATP, synthesised by the respiratory chain, and import cyto ...
Chapter 9 - Cellular Respiration
... • Not an efficient method of ATP production. • AKA: fermentation. • Two primary types: – Lactic Acid Fermentation – Alcohol Fermentation ...
... • Not an efficient method of ATP production. • AKA: fermentation. • Two primary types: – Lactic Acid Fermentation – Alcohol Fermentation ...
INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules With the help of CoA, the acetyl (two-carbon) compound enters the citric acid cycle – At this point, the acetyl group associates with a fourcarbon molecule forming a six-carbon molecul ...
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules With the help of CoA, the acetyl (two-carbon) compound enters the citric acid cycle – At this point, the acetyl group associates with a fourcarbon molecule forming a six-carbon molecul ...
WEEK 8 - WordPress.com
... Acetyl group joins with 4-C Oxaloacetate to form 6-C Citrate Oxidation occurs when NAD+ accepts e- (3X) and FAD accepts e- (1X) The acetyl group is oxidized to TWO CO2 molecules (4 total) Substrate level ATP synthesis occurs (an enzyme passes a high energy P to ADP to form ATP 5. A total of 6 CO2 mo ...
... Acetyl group joins with 4-C Oxaloacetate to form 6-C Citrate Oxidation occurs when NAD+ accepts e- (3X) and FAD accepts e- (1X) The acetyl group is oxidized to TWO CO2 molecules (4 total) Substrate level ATP synthesis occurs (an enzyme passes a high energy P to ADP to form ATP 5. A total of 6 CO2 mo ...
Second Sample Exam
... 8. Which of the following is true of glucagon and epinephrine in liver? A) They activate glycogen phosphorylase and inactivate glycogen synthase. B) They inactivate glycolysis and activate gluconeogenesis. C) They act by increasing the concentration of cAMP. D) They oppose the effects of insulin. E) ...
... 8. Which of the following is true of glucagon and epinephrine in liver? A) They activate glycogen phosphorylase and inactivate glycogen synthase. B) They inactivate glycolysis and activate gluconeogenesis. C) They act by increasing the concentration of cAMP. D) They oppose the effects of insulin. E) ...
DOC
... provide useful energy for the cell. Enzymes catalyze the oxidation reactions. These reactions are known as catabolic reactions because they break molecules down to release energy. Anaerobic respiration The first part of respiratory pathways in the cell is anaerobic. This term means that oxygen is no ...
... provide useful energy for the cell. Enzymes catalyze the oxidation reactions. These reactions are known as catabolic reactions because they break molecules down to release energy. Anaerobic respiration The first part of respiratory pathways in the cell is anaerobic. This term means that oxygen is no ...
Handout
... important in breakdown of fats and in reactions of the Krebs cycle Vitamin E – needed for cellular & large molecule synthesis Folic acid – synthesis of nucleotides (both purines & pyrimidines) Biotin – fatty acid synthesis & CO2 fixation reactions ...
... important in breakdown of fats and in reactions of the Krebs cycle Vitamin E – needed for cellular & large molecule synthesis Folic acid – synthesis of nucleotides (both purines & pyrimidines) Biotin – fatty acid synthesis & CO2 fixation reactions ...
Questions 6 Metabolism_1
... 5) The biochemical reaction, PEP + ADP → Pyruvate + ATP, is an example of which of these? a) An oxidation/reduction reaction. b) Oxidative phosphorylation. c) Substrate-level phosphorylation. d) An aldolase catalyzed reaction. e) An electron transport reaction. 7) Oxidative phosphorylation uses ALL ...
... 5) The biochemical reaction, PEP + ADP → Pyruvate + ATP, is an example of which of these? a) An oxidation/reduction reaction. b) Oxidative phosphorylation. c) Substrate-level phosphorylation. d) An aldolase catalyzed reaction. e) An electron transport reaction. 7) Oxidative phosphorylation uses ALL ...
Practice exam #1 review
... 9. An enzyme releases free energy so a reaction can occur T F 10. An enzyme reduces free energy so a reaction occurs more quickly T F 11. Mitochondria doesn't have which of the following: a. inner matrix b. adenosine triphosphate c. acetyl coA d. inner membrane e. guanine 12. Mitochondria doesn't do ...
... 9. An enzyme releases free energy so a reaction can occur T F 10. An enzyme reduces free energy so a reaction occurs more quickly T F 11. Mitochondria doesn't have which of the following: a. inner matrix b. adenosine triphosphate c. acetyl coA d. inner membrane e. guanine 12. Mitochondria doesn't do ...
Cellular Respiration
... Differ in how NADH is oxidized to NAD+ Pyruvate leads to next step – depends on presence of O2 Cell respiration includes Krebs and ETC, producing ~19x’s more ATP Faculative Anaerobes: can survive using either process ...
... Differ in how NADH is oxidized to NAD+ Pyruvate leads to next step – depends on presence of O2 Cell respiration includes Krebs and ETC, producing ~19x’s more ATP Faculative Anaerobes: can survive using either process ...
Cytochromes
... ► Chemiosmotic Potential or Proton-Motive Force (PMF) The electrochemical potential difference between the two sides of the IMM, that engage in active transport of Protons is called Proton-Motive Force (PMF). ► Proton motive force is the energy of the proton ...
... ► Chemiosmotic Potential or Proton-Motive Force (PMF) The electrochemical potential difference between the two sides of the IMM, that engage in active transport of Protons is called Proton-Motive Force (PMF). ► Proton motive force is the energy of the proton ...
• In the cell, nutrients and oxygen, have different electron affinities.
... • In a battery operated electric motor, the battery contains two chemicals that differ in affinity for electrons. – The electrons flow spontaneously through an electron carrier called a wire to the chemical with higher electron affinity. – Electron movement is driven by an force protional to the ...
... • In a battery operated electric motor, the battery contains two chemicals that differ in affinity for electrons. – The electrons flow spontaneously through an electron carrier called a wire to the chemical with higher electron affinity. – Electron movement is driven by an force protional to the ...
Chapter 7
... DG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once. ...
... DG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once. ...
BIOCHEM MID SEM EXAM 2014 The Foundations of Biochemistry
... Qu. Describe the physical foundations of biochemistry. 1. Energyà ATP àADP + Pi, ΔG = ΔH –T.ΔS Qu. How is ATP produced? 1. Glycolysisà occurs in the cytosol. It’s the pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate. o The energy released in this process is used to form ATP and NADH ...
... Qu. Describe the physical foundations of biochemistry. 1. Energyà ATP àADP + Pi, ΔG = ΔH –T.ΔS Qu. How is ATP produced? 1. Glycolysisà occurs in the cytosol. It’s the pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate. o The energy released in this process is used to form ATP and NADH ...
Biology 2107/03
... For each cycle in its mechanism, it transports three sodium ions (Na+) into the cell, two potassium ions (K+) out of the cell, and hydrolyzes one ATP molecule. For each cycle in its mechanism, it transports three sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell, two potassium ions (K+) into of the cell, and hydrol ...
... For each cycle in its mechanism, it transports three sodium ions (Na+) into the cell, two potassium ions (K+) out of the cell, and hydrolyzes one ATP molecule. For each cycle in its mechanism, it transports three sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell, two potassium ions (K+) into of the cell, and hydrol ...
Lesson_3_liver_function
... • It contains energy so can be used for respiration. • It is broken down by hepatocytes by the enzyme ethanol dehydrogenase to ethanal. • Ethanal dehydrogenase then breaks the ethanal down into ethanoate. • Ethanoate combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A, and this molecule can enter the ...
... • It contains energy so can be used for respiration. • It is broken down by hepatocytes by the enzyme ethanol dehydrogenase to ethanal. • Ethanal dehydrogenase then breaks the ethanal down into ethanoate. • Ethanoate combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A, and this molecule can enter the ...
2 ATP`s - Madeira City Schools
... c. The last cytochrome (cyt a3) passes its electrons to Oxygen, which also picks up a pair of hydrogen ions from the surrounding solution to form water. 7. The chain does not make ATP directly. Its function is to break a large energy drop into a series of smaller steps so energy is released in manag ...
... c. The last cytochrome (cyt a3) passes its electrons to Oxygen, which also picks up a pair of hydrogen ions from the surrounding solution to form water. 7. The chain does not make ATP directly. Its function is to break a large energy drop into a series of smaller steps so energy is released in manag ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.