200 µmol /L is far too low a concentration of ammonium to affect
... The effect of forming glutamate from ketoglutarate is to deplete the mitochondrial pool of ketoglutarate, which is a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle. As a result, the rate of citric acid cycle activity falls, so reducing very considerably the rate of formation of ATP. It is this lack of AT ...
... The effect of forming glutamate from ketoglutarate is to deplete the mitochondrial pool of ketoglutarate, which is a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle. As a result, the rate of citric acid cycle activity falls, so reducing very considerably the rate of formation of ATP. It is this lack of AT ...
Biosynthesis of Essential Amino Acids
... 1. It has been shown in many instances that enzymes catalyzing chemically similar reactions (e.g. malate and lactate dehydrogenases) have amazingly similar tertiary structures which suggests they evolved from a common ancestral protein. Likewise, chemical similarity in sequences of reactions in diff ...
... 1. It has been shown in many instances that enzymes catalyzing chemically similar reactions (e.g. malate and lactate dehydrogenases) have amazingly similar tertiary structures which suggests they evolved from a common ancestral protein. Likewise, chemical similarity in sequences of reactions in diff ...
Chem 32 Solutions to Section 15.4 – 15.6 Homework Problems
... 15.78 Only pathway “c” produces energy that can be harnessed to make ATP. Pathway “a” does not produce or consume a significant amount of energy. Pathway “b” is an activation step, and consumes energy (the body breaks down ATP in this step). 15.86 The starting materials of the citric acid cycle are ...
... 15.78 Only pathway “c” produces energy that can be harnessed to make ATP. Pathway “a” does not produce or consume a significant amount of energy. Pathway “b” is an activation step, and consumes energy (the body breaks down ATP in this step). 15.86 The starting materials of the citric acid cycle are ...
CH 2
... Rule: Heat is wasted energy Heat is energy that cannot be conserved Rule: Living systems will do their utmost to prevent lost of free energy as heat Rule: Exergonic biochemical transformations channel a large part of the free energy into chemical bonds of the product. Rule: Catabolic reactions drive ...
... Rule: Heat is wasted energy Heat is energy that cannot be conserved Rule: Living systems will do their utmost to prevent lost of free energy as heat Rule: Exergonic biochemical transformations channel a large part of the free energy into chemical bonds of the product. Rule: Catabolic reactions drive ...
No Slide Title - Suffolk County Community College
... - Anabolic reactions: build complex molecules from simpler ones, usually via dehydration synthesis, usually endergonic *Catabolic reactions provide the energy (ATP) and building blocks to drive anabolic reactions (cell growth and repair) ...
... - Anabolic reactions: build complex molecules from simpler ones, usually via dehydration synthesis, usually endergonic *Catabolic reactions provide the energy (ATP) and building blocks to drive anabolic reactions (cell growth and repair) ...
6 Energy and Metabolism
... the mitochondria. Here, the NADH molecules from glycolysis and the TCA cycle are oxidized back to NAD so glycolysis can continue. It also generates 3 more ATP. When this system is performing in the presence of oxygen, oxygen is consumed and the waste product is water. When it is done anaerobically ( ...
... the mitochondria. Here, the NADH molecules from glycolysis and the TCA cycle are oxidized back to NAD so glycolysis can continue. It also generates 3 more ATP. When this system is performing in the presence of oxygen, oxygen is consumed and the waste product is water. When it is done anaerobically ( ...
Fermentation
... electron acceptor in its electron transport chain. There are many environments or instances, however, where oxygen is not available to cells or organisms. Consider, for example, the muddy bottom of a bog, or even your muscles when they are rapidly overworked. In both of these instances, oxygen suppl ...
... electron acceptor in its electron transport chain. There are many environments or instances, however, where oxygen is not available to cells or organisms. Consider, for example, the muddy bottom of a bog, or even your muscles when they are rapidly overworked. In both of these instances, oxygen suppl ...
Anaerobic respiration
... glycolysis. Lactate fermentation occurs in mammalian muscle tissue, during times of vigorous activity when ATP demand is high (for muscle contraction), and there is an oxygen deficit. ...
... glycolysis. Lactate fermentation occurs in mammalian muscle tissue, during times of vigorous activity when ATP demand is high (for muscle contraction), and there is an oxygen deficit. ...
Amino Acid Single and Three letter codes Name of Amino Acid
... store, handle and use peptides? Amino Acid Single and three letter codes ...
... store, handle and use peptides? Amino Acid Single and three letter codes ...
Most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen
... Enzymes are protein molecules that act as biological catalysts. Cells contain thousands of different enzymes to control the functions of the cell. Enzymes must physically fit a specific substrate(s) to work properly. The place where a substrate fits an enzyme to be catalyzed is called the active sit ...
... Enzymes are protein molecules that act as biological catalysts. Cells contain thousands of different enzymes to control the functions of the cell. Enzymes must physically fit a specific substrate(s) to work properly. The place where a substrate fits an enzyme to be catalyzed is called the active sit ...
ChemGym_ForensicsAnswers
... c. studying, aerobic d. weight lifting, anaerobic 2. What are the benefits of increased VO2 max? An increase in VO2 max means that there is more oxygen available to oxidize fuels, therefore releasing more energy in the form of ATP to the muscles. 3. Name two chronic diseases for which the risk facto ...
... c. studying, aerobic d. weight lifting, anaerobic 2. What are the benefits of increased VO2 max? An increase in VO2 max means that there is more oxygen available to oxidize fuels, therefore releasing more energy in the form of ATP to the muscles. 3. Name two chronic diseases for which the risk facto ...
Cellular Respiration
... flowing through the ATP synthase “turbine” can generate energy that is used to combine ADP and Pi to form ATP. Since H+ has built up at high levels in the intermembrane space, it flows through ATP synthase into the matrix from its area of high concentration to its area of low concentration. As H+ fl ...
... flowing through the ATP synthase “turbine” can generate energy that is used to combine ADP and Pi to form ATP. Since H+ has built up at high levels in the intermembrane space, it flows through ATP synthase into the matrix from its area of high concentration to its area of low concentration. As H+ fl ...
CHAPTER 3 ESSENTIALS OF METABOLISM
... • The Krebs cycle, A.K.A. the citric acid cycle or TriCarboxylic Acid cycle (TCA). • It is an aerobic catabolic pathway seen in aerobic cellular respiration. • Pyruvate is further metabolized in this process. • Pyruvate is oxidized to reduce NAD+ and modified with coenzyme A to produce Acetyl-CoA co ...
... • The Krebs cycle, A.K.A. the citric acid cycle or TriCarboxylic Acid cycle (TCA). • It is an aerobic catabolic pathway seen in aerobic cellular respiration. • Pyruvate is further metabolized in this process. • Pyruvate is oxidized to reduce NAD+ and modified with coenzyme A to produce Acetyl-CoA co ...
Document
... amounts of a vitamin or mineral to maintain health, than do people without that metabolic disorder. This would be an interesting topic for class review. ...
... amounts of a vitamin or mineral to maintain health, than do people without that metabolic disorder. This would be an interesting topic for class review. ...
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration 1 Photosynthesis and Respiration
... 4. How is cellular respiration similar to and different from combustion? 5. During cellular respiration, which molecule is oxidized? Reduced? 6. In what subatomic particle can energy be stored? 7. Explain the general flow of events as illustrated in figures 9.6 and 9.16 8. Explain the function of NA ...
... 4. How is cellular respiration similar to and different from combustion? 5. During cellular respiration, which molecule is oxidized? Reduced? 6. In what subatomic particle can energy be stored? 7. Explain the general flow of events as illustrated in figures 9.6 and 9.16 8. Explain the function of NA ...
2 - Warner Pacific College
... Has the capacity to do work (potential energy) or to put matter into motion (kinetic energy) ...
... Has the capacity to do work (potential energy) or to put matter into motion (kinetic energy) ...
CATABOLISM OF PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS1.36 MB
... • The NH4+ ,from intestine and kidney, is transported in the blood to liver. • In the liver, the ammonia from all sources is disposed of by urea synthesis. ...
... • The NH4+ ,from intestine and kidney, is transported in the blood to liver. • In the liver, the ammonia from all sources is disposed of by urea synthesis. ...
10B-Oxidation and Ketone bodies
... converted into ketone bodies. synthesized in the liver to be exported to other tissues by the blood, then they can be oxidized by citric acid cycle. Produced in smaller amounts and exhaled •The brain uses glucose as fuel if it is not available it can use acetoacetate and -hydroxybutyrate. ...
... converted into ketone bodies. synthesized in the liver to be exported to other tissues by the blood, then they can be oxidized by citric acid cycle. Produced in smaller amounts and exhaled •The brain uses glucose as fuel if it is not available it can use acetoacetate and -hydroxybutyrate. ...
Cellular Respiration
... The second step is the splitting of glucose – breaking it down into (2) 3-carbon molecules called pyruvic acid. 2 ATPs are needed to produce four ATPs (energy investment and energy payoff phases). A second product in glycolysis is 2 NADH, which results from the transfer of H+ to the hydrogen c ...
... The second step is the splitting of glucose – breaking it down into (2) 3-carbon molecules called pyruvic acid. 2 ATPs are needed to produce four ATPs (energy investment and energy payoff phases). A second product in glycolysis is 2 NADH, which results from the transfer of H+ to the hydrogen c ...
Chapter 3 Review Questions
... 18. __Amino_____ and ______carboxyl__ functional groups are contained within an amino acid. 19. The carbonyl functional group when located on the end of the compound is called ___carbonyl end (Aldehyde)____________. ...
... 18. __Amino_____ and ______carboxyl__ functional groups are contained within an amino acid. 19. The carbonyl functional group when located on the end of the compound is called ___carbonyl end (Aldehyde)____________. ...
Bio 226: Cell and Molecular Biology
... •Insensitive to Cyanide, Azide or CO •Sensitive to SHAM (salicylhydroxamic acid,) •Also found in fungi, trypanosomes & Plasmodium ...
... •Insensitive to Cyanide, Azide or CO •Sensitive to SHAM (salicylhydroxamic acid,) •Also found in fungi, trypanosomes & Plasmodium ...
II. Pre-test to identify student misconceptions prior to addressing the
... Pre-test to identify student misconceptions prior to addressing the material covered in Chapter 9 ...
... Pre-test to identify student misconceptions prior to addressing the material covered in Chapter 9 ...
Unfinished business from April 4!
... b, Part of a expanded to indicate carbon skeletons and to define relationships between V PDH (flux through PDH complex); V X (additional CO2 production by the OPPP, the TCA, and so on); V Rub (refixation by Rubisco). Metabolites: Ac-CoA, acetyl coenzymeA; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone-3-phosphate; E4P, ery ...
... b, Part of a expanded to indicate carbon skeletons and to define relationships between V PDH (flux through PDH complex); V X (additional CO2 production by the OPPP, the TCA, and so on); V Rub (refixation by Rubisco). Metabolites: Ac-CoA, acetyl coenzymeA; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone-3-phosphate; E4P, ery ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.