how cells obtain energy from food
... glycolysis—from the Greek glukus, “sweet,” and lusis, “rupture.” Glycolysis produces ATP without the involvement of molecular oxygen (O2 gas). It occurs in the cytosol of most cells, including many anaerobic microorganisms. Glycolysis probably evolved early in the history of life, before photosynthe ...
... glycolysis—from the Greek glukus, “sweet,” and lusis, “rupture.” Glycolysis produces ATP without the involvement of molecular oxygen (O2 gas). It occurs in the cytosol of most cells, including many anaerobic microorganisms. Glycolysis probably evolved early in the history of life, before photosynthe ...
Lipid Breakdown - Rose
... carboxylase, which uses the energy in ATP to add a carbon, resulting in the fourcarbon compound D-methylmalonyl-CoA. The next reaction, catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase, reverses the stereochemistry at the chiral carbon of the substrate, resulting in L-methylmalonyl-CoA. The final reaction i ...
... carboxylase, which uses the energy in ATP to add a carbon, resulting in the fourcarbon compound D-methylmalonyl-CoA. The next reaction, catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase, reverses the stereochemistry at the chiral carbon of the substrate, resulting in L-methylmalonyl-CoA. The final reaction i ...
Review for Final Summer 2008
... Definition: photosynthesis, Autotrophs Which came first: photosynthesis or cellular respiration? Explain general formula for photosynthesis (Endergonic or Exergonic?) leaf adaptations for photosynthesis o capturing light o preventing water loss o gas exchange Stomata (singular stoma) and g ...
... Definition: photosynthesis, Autotrophs Which came first: photosynthesis or cellular respiration? Explain general formula for photosynthesis (Endergonic or Exergonic?) leaf adaptations for photosynthesis o capturing light o preventing water loss o gas exchange Stomata (singular stoma) and g ...
Objectives 12
... - muscle lacks glucose-6-Pase cannot synthesize glucose; instead breakdown of glycogen (via glycogen phosphorylase) provides energy by feeding glucose-6-P into glycolysis pyruvate anaerobic LDH lactate or pyruvate Acetyl CoA via PDH CO2 via citric acid cycle 2. Synthesis of glucose (glu ...
... - muscle lacks glucose-6-Pase cannot synthesize glucose; instead breakdown of glycogen (via glycogen phosphorylase) provides energy by feeding glucose-6-P into glycolysis pyruvate anaerobic LDH lactate or pyruvate Acetyl CoA via PDH CO2 via citric acid cycle 2. Synthesis of glucose (glu ...
Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism
... entered in the previous cycle; there is a one-cycle delay between the entry of two carbon atoms as an acetyl unit and their release as CO2. 4. In each complete cycle, four oxidation-reduction reactions produce three molecules of NADH (Steps 3, 4, and 8) and one molecule of FADH2 (Step 6). 5. One mol ...
... entered in the previous cycle; there is a one-cycle delay between the entry of two carbon atoms as an acetyl unit and their release as CO2. 4. In each complete cycle, four oxidation-reduction reactions produce three molecules of NADH (Steps 3, 4, and 8) and one molecule of FADH2 (Step 6). 5. One mol ...
Photosynthesis
... molecule so it can be used in the Calvin Cycle. ATP recycles PEP& returns it to ...
... molecule so it can be used in the Calvin Cycle. ATP recycles PEP& returns it to ...
Technical data sheet Sodium Pyruvate 100mM
... This product is a 100mM (11g/l) solution prepared in cell culture grade water. It is suitable for cell culture research at 1mM (0.11g/l). Pyruvate, the anion of pyruvic acid, is the end product of the glycolysis pathway, whereby glucose is converted to pyruvate with the production of ATP. In the mit ...
... This product is a 100mM (11g/l) solution prepared in cell culture grade water. It is suitable for cell culture research at 1mM (0.11g/l). Pyruvate, the anion of pyruvic acid, is the end product of the glycolysis pathway, whereby glucose is converted to pyruvate with the production of ATP. In the mit ...
S08 Glycolysis
... pyruvate to lactate accumulation drop of pH muscle cramps Much of lactate diffuses into the blood. * Consumption of Lactate -The direction of lactate dehydrogenase depends on the relative concentrations of pyruvate and lactate and the ratio NADH/NAD+ - in the liver and heart, the ratio of NADH/N ...
... pyruvate to lactate accumulation drop of pH muscle cramps Much of lactate diffuses into the blood. * Consumption of Lactate -The direction of lactate dehydrogenase depends on the relative concentrations of pyruvate and lactate and the ratio NADH/NAD+ - in the liver and heart, the ratio of NADH/N ...
03Glycolysis
... pyruvate to lactate accumulation drop of pH muscle cramps Much of lactate diffuses into the blood. * Consumption of Lactate -The direction of lactate dehydrogenase depends on the relative concentrations of pyruvate and lactate and the ratio NADH/NAD+ - in the liver and heart, the ratio of NADH/N ...
... pyruvate to lactate accumulation drop of pH muscle cramps Much of lactate diffuses into the blood. * Consumption of Lactate -The direction of lactate dehydrogenase depends on the relative concentrations of pyruvate and lactate and the ratio NADH/NAD+ - in the liver and heart, the ratio of NADH/N ...
Lecture 5 & 6 Metabolism S11 Chpt. 6 for HO
... •Oxidizes NADH, generating NAD for use in further rounds of glucose breakdown •Stops short of the transition step and the TCA cycle, which together generate 5X more reducing power ...
... •Oxidizes NADH, generating NAD for use in further rounds of glucose breakdown •Stops short of the transition step and the TCA cycle, which together generate 5X more reducing power ...
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN, OXIDATIVE
... • Mitochondria is the power house of the cell, • Cells use Proton-Pumping System made up of proteins inside Mitochondria to generate ATP; • Production of ATP is coupled with Oxidation of Reducing Equivalent (NADH) and reduction of Oxygen in Electron Transport Chain (ETC), • Process is known as Oxida ...
... • Mitochondria is the power house of the cell, • Cells use Proton-Pumping System made up of proteins inside Mitochondria to generate ATP; • Production of ATP is coupled with Oxidation of Reducing Equivalent (NADH) and reduction of Oxygen in Electron Transport Chain (ETC), • Process is known as Oxida ...
2015
... 3. [4 points] In the citric acid cycle, we encountered a three-step mechanism to oxidize an alkyl chain (shown in the figure). Name the four citric acid cycle intermediates (indicated with letters next to the figure) that are involved in this mechanism. ...
... 3. [4 points] In the citric acid cycle, we encountered a three-step mechanism to oxidize an alkyl chain (shown in the figure). Name the four citric acid cycle intermediates (indicated with letters next to the figure) that are involved in this mechanism. ...
Glycolysis
... pyruvate to lactate accumulation drop of pH muscle cramps Much of lactate diffuses into the blood. * Consumption of Lactate -The direction of lactate dehydrogenase depends on the relative concentrations of pyruvate and lactate and the ratio NADH/NAD+ - in the liver and heart, the ratio of NADH/N ...
... pyruvate to lactate accumulation drop of pH muscle cramps Much of lactate diffuses into the blood. * Consumption of Lactate -The direction of lactate dehydrogenase depends on the relative concentrations of pyruvate and lactate and the ratio NADH/NAD+ - in the liver and heart, the ratio of NADH/N ...
NSCC NTR150 Ch07A Metabolism
... molecules used in the Krebs cyle • Once in the pathway for glucose, the rest proceeds as ...
... molecules used in the Krebs cyle • Once in the pathway for glucose, the rest proceeds as ...
Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General
... a. During glycolysis, 4 ATPs are produced but a net gain of only 2 ATPs (two are needed to start the process); also generate 2 NADHs b. During the transition rx, 2 NADHs are formed c. During each revolution of the citric acid cycle, one ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 d. Generate a total of 38 ATP (3 per each ...
... a. During glycolysis, 4 ATPs are produced but a net gain of only 2 ATPs (two are needed to start the process); also generate 2 NADHs b. During the transition rx, 2 NADHs are formed c. During each revolution of the citric acid cycle, one ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 d. Generate a total of 38 ATP (3 per each ...
Biological Pathways I
... acids • DNA code sequence • mRNA transcription processing • Translation by ribosomes • Chain (polymer) of amino acids ...
... acids • DNA code sequence • mRNA transcription processing • Translation by ribosomes • Chain (polymer) of amino acids ...
chapt 6
... Very similar to aerobic respiration in eukaryotes Since prokaryotes have no mitochondria, it all occurs in the cytoplasm. Makes 2 more ATP because the NADH from glycolysis isn’t converted to FADH2 ...
... Very similar to aerobic respiration in eukaryotes Since prokaryotes have no mitochondria, it all occurs in the cytoplasm. Makes 2 more ATP because the NADH from glycolysis isn’t converted to FADH2 ...
Slide 1
... Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen, other hormones Some regulate vitamin D function Regulate cell membrane fluidity ...
... Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen, other hormones Some regulate vitamin D function Regulate cell membrane fluidity ...
Coenzyme Q = Ubiquinone
... Coenzyme Q10 is the coenzyme for at least three mitochondrial enzymes (complexes I, II and III) as well as enzymes in other parts of the cell. CoQ10 has been studied in its reduced form as a potent antioxidant. ...
... Coenzyme Q10 is the coenzyme for at least three mitochondrial enzymes (complexes I, II and III) as well as enzymes in other parts of the cell. CoQ10 has been studied in its reduced form as a potent antioxidant. ...
Protein synthesis and metabolism
... Glucose/Alanine Cycle Excess amino acids are metabolised. They are not stored for use as potential energy as this can be done more efficiently by other sources. ...
... Glucose/Alanine Cycle Excess amino acids are metabolised. They are not stored for use as potential energy as this can be done more efficiently by other sources. ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.