High carbohydrate diet : which reduces gluconeogenesis by
... 2- Lactate and Pyruvate: Source of lactate includes RB cells and exercising muscle. ...
... 2- Lactate and Pyruvate: Source of lactate includes RB cells and exercising muscle. ...
Pdf - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
... Now, it is very important to know the entry of pyruvate into the TCA cycle; pyruvate is formed in the cytoplasm and as a product of glycolysis. For entry to TCA cycle, it has to be converted to acetyl CoA. Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex ...
... Now, it is very important to know the entry of pyruvate into the TCA cycle; pyruvate is formed in the cytoplasm and as a product of glycolysis. For entry to TCA cycle, it has to be converted to acetyl CoA. Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex ...
Chapter 25 LIPID METABOLISM
... Converted back to triglycerides ! Packed into lipoprotein particles, chylomicrons Released into lymph/blood -> delivered to tissue Triglyceride made by liver is packaged into VLDL part. -> Released into blood • TAG hydrolyzed in periphery by lipoprotein lipase -> • FA uptake but glycerol back transp ...
... Converted back to triglycerides ! Packed into lipoprotein particles, chylomicrons Released into lymph/blood -> delivered to tissue Triglyceride made by liver is packaged into VLDL part. -> Released into blood • TAG hydrolyzed in periphery by lipoprotein lipase -> • FA uptake but glycerol back transp ...
Nitrogen Metabolism - Oregon State University
... Carbamoyl Phosphate Enzyme Expressed Only in Liver Most Commonly Deficient Enzyme in Urea Cycle X-linked Inheritance In Severe Deficiency, Ammonia Levels Rise to Lethal Levels if Untreated Liver Transplant and Low Protein Diet Most Common Treatments ...
... Carbamoyl Phosphate Enzyme Expressed Only in Liver Most Commonly Deficient Enzyme in Urea Cycle X-linked Inheritance In Severe Deficiency, Ammonia Levels Rise to Lethal Levels if Untreated Liver Transplant and Low Protein Diet Most Common Treatments ...
Microbial Metabolism
... • Reactions with stronger tendency to give up electrons are higher (more negative) on the tower • To determine which direction the reactions go, see which is “higher” on the electron tower • Note the position of important electron carriers (NAD, FAD, cytochrome a) and external electron donors/accept ...
... • Reactions with stronger tendency to give up electrons are higher (more negative) on the tower • To determine which direction the reactions go, see which is “higher” on the electron tower • Note the position of important electron carriers (NAD, FAD, cytochrome a) and external electron donors/accept ...
Slide 1
... 1. Amino acid breakdown leads to the generation of keto-acid products which can be utilized for the synthesis of glucose by gluconoegensis (glucogenic amino acid) or ketone bodies (ketogenic amino acid). 2. The final outcome of amino acid catabolism (breakdown) is the removal of amino group from the ...
... 1. Amino acid breakdown leads to the generation of keto-acid products which can be utilized for the synthesis of glucose by gluconoegensis (glucogenic amino acid) or ketone bodies (ketogenic amino acid). 2. The final outcome of amino acid catabolism (breakdown) is the removal of amino group from the ...
... Choice B: A three step biological pathway: A → B → C is found to be spontaneous, yet the difference in the standard energies between compounds A and B is large and positive. Briefly describe both of the possible types of coupling that can be used to make the step from A to B spontaneous. Provide one ...
Gluconeogenesis
... glucose + 4 ADP + 2 GDP + 6 Pi + 2 NAD+ + 2 H + By contrast, the stoichiometry for conversion of glucose to pyruvate by glycolysis is: glucose + 2 ADP + 2 P i + 2NAD + Õ 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H2 O In cycling from glucose to pyruvate to glucose in the Cori cycle, four high-energy phosphate ...
... glucose + 4 ADP + 2 GDP + 6 Pi + 2 NAD+ + 2 H + By contrast, the stoichiometry for conversion of glucose to pyruvate by glycolysis is: glucose + 2 ADP + 2 P i + 2NAD + Õ 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H2 O In cycling from glucose to pyruvate to glucose in the Cori cycle, four high-energy phosphate ...
Reading GuideChapter6_Tues
... organic compounds. ATP can be made by bacterial cells by one of three ways: 1. substrate level phosphorylation 2.oxidative phosphorylation, 3.photophosphorylation. Which of these three methods is how cells make ATP within a metabolic pathway such as glycolysis by the transfer of a phosphate group fr ...
... organic compounds. ATP can be made by bacterial cells by one of three ways: 1. substrate level phosphorylation 2.oxidative phosphorylation, 3.photophosphorylation. Which of these three methods is how cells make ATP within a metabolic pathway such as glycolysis by the transfer of a phosphate group fr ...
Chapter 7 - Coenzymes
... There are other groups that contribute to the reactivity of enzymes beside amino acid residues. These groups are called cofactors - chemicals required by apoenzymes (inactive) to become holoenzymes (active). There are two types of cofactors: 1) essential ions - metal ions -inorganic 2) coenzymes - o ...
... There are other groups that contribute to the reactivity of enzymes beside amino acid residues. These groups are called cofactors - chemicals required by apoenzymes (inactive) to become holoenzymes (active). There are two types of cofactors: 1) essential ions - metal ions -inorganic 2) coenzymes - o ...
Multiple Choice Review
... 9. How many net ATP are produced through the process shown in the image above? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 38 10. Pyruvate decarboxylation produces ATP as well as a. NADH, acetyl Co-A and CO2 b. Citric acid, NADH and O2 c. Pyruvate, NADH and CO2 d. FADH, NADH and O2 11. By the end of the Citric acid (Krebs) c ...
... 9. How many net ATP are produced through the process shown in the image above? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 38 10. Pyruvate decarboxylation produces ATP as well as a. NADH, acetyl Co-A and CO2 b. Citric acid, NADH and O2 c. Pyruvate, NADH and CO2 d. FADH, NADH and O2 11. By the end of the Citric acid (Krebs) c ...
Chapter 2 Summary
... 8. Phospholipids contain 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate group; they are critical components of membranes. 9. PROTEINS are made from 21 amino acids. Amino acids have an amino group on one end and the carboxyl (acid) group in the other. They are different because of the 21 different side groups ...
... 8. Phospholipids contain 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate group; they are critical components of membranes. 9. PROTEINS are made from 21 amino acids. Amino acids have an amino group on one end and the carboxyl (acid) group in the other. They are different because of the 21 different side groups ...
11.17.11.ATP.synthase
... cytoplasm, which is buffered at pH higher than the mito, and so, added protons don’t change the pH of the cytoplasm but have profound effect on the pH of the matrix (like adding a few drops ...
... cytoplasm, which is buffered at pH higher than the mito, and so, added protons don’t change the pH of the cytoplasm but have profound effect on the pH of the matrix (like adding a few drops ...
Multiple Choice
... c. enzyme-substrate binding induces an increase in the reaction entropy, thereby catalyzing the reaction. d. enzyme specificity is induced by enzyme-substrate binding. e. enzyme-substrate binding induces movement along the reaction coordinate to the transition state. Which of the following statement ...
... c. enzyme-substrate binding induces an increase in the reaction entropy, thereby catalyzing the reaction. d. enzyme specificity is induced by enzyme-substrate binding. e. enzyme-substrate binding induces movement along the reaction coordinate to the transition state. Which of the following statement ...
Chapter 3
... – Primarily fatty acids (FA) • Stored as triglycerides • Stored in muscle cells and in adipose cells • Beta oxidation makes FAs available for Krebs Cycle – Release of FAs from adipose to blood stream – Hormone initiated – All working muscles have access to FAs via cellular storage or via blood strea ...
... – Primarily fatty acids (FA) • Stored as triglycerides • Stored in muscle cells and in adipose cells • Beta oxidation makes FAs available for Krebs Cycle – Release of FAs from adipose to blood stream – Hormone initiated – All working muscles have access to FAs via cellular storage or via blood strea ...
Unit 3 Notes
... - Chemical reactions inside living organisms often cannot occur in the same manner they would in a lab. Reactions in living organisms cannot release too much heat or absorb too much heat or the reactions would kill the organism o Therefore, chemical reactions in living organisms are broken down in ...
... - Chemical reactions inside living organisms often cannot occur in the same manner they would in a lab. Reactions in living organisms cannot release too much heat or absorb too much heat or the reactions would kill the organism o Therefore, chemical reactions in living organisms are broken down in ...
Energy For Movement - Illinois Wesleyan University
... be converted to glucose-6phosphate before it can be used for energy. For glucose this process takes 1 ATP. Glycolysis ultimately produces pyruvic acid which is then converted to lactic acid in the absence of oxygen. Gycolysis requires 12 enzymatic reactions to form lactic acid which occur within ...
... be converted to glucose-6phosphate before it can be used for energy. For glucose this process takes 1 ATP. Glycolysis ultimately produces pyruvic acid which is then converted to lactic acid in the absence of oxygen. Gycolysis requires 12 enzymatic reactions to form lactic acid which occur within ...
18 April 2007 - Santa Fe Institute
... Accidents can matter “Any replay of the tape would lead evolution down a pathway radically different from the road actually taken.” ...
... Accidents can matter “Any replay of the tape would lead evolution down a pathway radically different from the road actually taken.” ...
lecture1
... Biosynthesis Differences between catabolism and anabolism They are not the reverse of each other They are independently regulated They often take place in different locations in the cells (compartmentalization β-oxidation-mutochondria syn of fatty acids – cytosol. Cellular regulation of metabolic pa ...
... Biosynthesis Differences between catabolism and anabolism They are not the reverse of each other They are independently regulated They often take place in different locations in the cells (compartmentalization β-oxidation-mutochondria syn of fatty acids – cytosol. Cellular regulation of metabolic pa ...
Measuring Fatty Acid Oxidation using the MitoXpress FAO Kit
... The primary pathway for the degradation of fatty acids is mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) are imported into the mitochondria as acyl carnitine. Once inside, acyl-CoAs are released to undergo an iterative four-step oxidation until the entire chain is oxidized to a ...
... The primary pathway for the degradation of fatty acids is mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) are imported into the mitochondria as acyl carnitine. Once inside, acyl-CoAs are released to undergo an iterative four-step oxidation until the entire chain is oxidized to a ...
Lecture 9-lea
... irreversible reactions catalyzed by hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. • The most important rate-limiting step is that catalyzed by phosphofructokinase. • Phosphofructokinase is inhibited by high concentrations of ATP. • Note that the activity of glucose transporters (GLUTs) can af ...
... irreversible reactions catalyzed by hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. • The most important rate-limiting step is that catalyzed by phosphofructokinase. • Phosphofructokinase is inhibited by high concentrations of ATP. • Note that the activity of glucose transporters (GLUTs) can af ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.