GLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels
... g. Inhibited by CITRATE – physiological form of citric acid i. Citrate formed in TCA cycle from pyruvate ii. Therefore, if cellular [citrate] is sufficient, glycolysis is slowed h. ACTIVATED by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (made when blood glucose conc. high) ...
... g. Inhibited by CITRATE – physiological form of citric acid i. Citrate formed in TCA cycle from pyruvate ii. Therefore, if cellular [citrate] is sufficient, glycolysis is slowed h. ACTIVATED by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (made when blood glucose conc. high) ...
Aerobic Energy Systems
... VO2 max is the maximum amount of O2 that the body can consume and use. A higher VO2 max means a higher level of aerobic fitness. If exercise intensity is submaximal (below VO2 max) then O2 consumption reaches a ‘steady state.’ – O2 consumption matches O2 required. VO2 max can be assessed by measurin ...
... VO2 max is the maximum amount of O2 that the body can consume and use. A higher VO2 max means a higher level of aerobic fitness. If exercise intensity is submaximal (below VO2 max) then O2 consumption reaches a ‘steady state.’ – O2 consumption matches O2 required. VO2 max can be assessed by measurin ...
Exam 2 Review Sheet - Iowa State University
... D. None of the above, a stop codon doesn’t bind a charged tRNA, it binds a release ...
... D. None of the above, a stop codon doesn’t bind a charged tRNA, it binds a release ...
Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
... made up of fatty acids & glycerol Proteins = amino acids Nucleic acids = nucleotides ...
... made up of fatty acids & glycerol Proteins = amino acids Nucleic acids = nucleotides ...
bonds form when water is removed to hold acids together.
... Enzymes are protein molecules that act as biological catalysts. Cells contain thousands of different enzymes to control the functions of the cell. Enzymes must physically fit a specific substrate(s) to work properly. The place where a substrate fits an enzyme to be catalyzed is called the active si ...
... Enzymes are protein molecules that act as biological catalysts. Cells contain thousands of different enzymes to control the functions of the cell. Enzymes must physically fit a specific substrate(s) to work properly. The place where a substrate fits an enzyme to be catalyzed is called the active si ...
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Define problem Research and collect
... 6 water molecules (accounts for the water from the products side of the equation) ...
... 6 water molecules (accounts for the water from the products side of the equation) ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY - Valdosta State University
... • Catabolic reactions - degrade molecules to create smaller molecules and energy • Anabolic reactions - synthesize molecules for cell maintenance, growth and reproduction ...
... • Catabolic reactions - degrade molecules to create smaller molecules and energy • Anabolic reactions - synthesize molecules for cell maintenance, growth and reproduction ...
Prof. Kamakaka`s Lecture 10 Notes
... Electrons can be transferred from one mol to another directly as an electron (one electron) as hydrogen atoms (one proton + one electron) as hydride ion (:H-) (two electron) (NAD) direct combination with oxygen ...
... Electrons can be transferred from one mol to another directly as an electron (one electron) as hydrogen atoms (one proton + one electron) as hydride ion (:H-) (two electron) (NAD) direct combination with oxygen ...
as a PDF
... CO2. Energy released from this exergonic process is used to reduce coenzyme (NAD+ and FAD) and to phosphorylate ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation). • A German-British scientist, Hans Krebs, elucidated this catabolic pathway in the 1930's. • The Krebs cycle, which is also known as the citric acid ...
... CO2. Energy released from this exergonic process is used to reduce coenzyme (NAD+ and FAD) and to phosphorylate ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation). • A German-British scientist, Hans Krebs, elucidated this catabolic pathway in the 1930's. • The Krebs cycle, which is also known as the citric acid ...
Pyruvate Glucose - School of Medicine
... • Glucose 6-P is valuable; a precursor for glycogen synthesis. • Glucose 6-phosphatase is present only in tissues responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels, liver and kidney. • In liver, glucose 6-phosphatase is highly regulated. ...
... • Glucose 6-P is valuable; a precursor for glycogen synthesis. • Glucose 6-phosphatase is present only in tissues responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels, liver and kidney. • In liver, glucose 6-phosphatase is highly regulated. ...
L3-RS_Aerobic & Anaerobic Metabolism in
... systems have “caught up with” the working muscles. ◦ Prior to this, some aerobic respiration will occur thanks to the muscle protein, myoglobin, which binds and stores oxygen. ...
... systems have “caught up with” the working muscles. ◦ Prior to this, some aerobic respiration will occur thanks to the muscle protein, myoglobin, which binds and stores oxygen. ...
Karbohidrat Metabolizması
... Some of the enzyme activities modulated through changed gene expression (e.g. fatty acid synthetase and liver pyruvate kinase) or direct phosphorylation (acetyl CoA carboxylase) are in the opposite direction to insulin. Many experiments have been performed at concentration of metformin and phenformi ...
... Some of the enzyme activities modulated through changed gene expression (e.g. fatty acid synthetase and liver pyruvate kinase) or direct phosphorylation (acetyl CoA carboxylase) are in the opposite direction to insulin. Many experiments have been performed at concentration of metformin and phenformi ...
Chapter 14 Glycolysis and the catabolism of hexoses
... some of the E is conserved by synthesis of ATP and NADH Best described and understood metabolic pathway, has been studied since 1890's Fermentation - general term for anaerobic degradation of glucose to get E in the form of ATP. Glycolysis and fermentation are essentially identical. The only differe ...
... some of the E is conserved by synthesis of ATP and NADH Best described and understood metabolic pathway, has been studied since 1890's Fermentation - general term for anaerobic degradation of glucose to get E in the form of ATP. Glycolysis and fermentation are essentially identical. The only differe ...
Unit 2 Cells Study Guide
... Proton gradient are responsible for producing what energy molecules? Give 2 examples of products of the Calvin cycle that are used in the light reactions? What 2 main energy molecules are products of the light reactions? Is glucose required for the Calvin cycle? Explain. In what reactions is glycera ...
... Proton gradient are responsible for producing what energy molecules? Give 2 examples of products of the Calvin cycle that are used in the light reactions? What 2 main energy molecules are products of the light reactions? Is glucose required for the Calvin cycle? Explain. In what reactions is glycera ...
studies on the mitochondrial electron transport and atp synthesis
... Measurement of the oxygen consumption in practice, determination of P/O ratio Under adequate experimental conditions, terminal oxidation, the properties of the electron transport chain and the effect of various agents can be tracked by measuring oxygen consumption using isolated mitochondrial suspen ...
... Measurement of the oxygen consumption in practice, determination of P/O ratio Under adequate experimental conditions, terminal oxidation, the properties of the electron transport chain and the effect of various agents can be tracked by measuring oxygen consumption using isolated mitochondrial suspen ...
FREE Sample Here
... During ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation, a. hydrogen ions pass from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, activating ATP synthase. b. hydrogen ions pass from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix, activating ATP synthase. c. water passes from the mitochondrial ...
... During ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation, a. hydrogen ions pass from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, activating ATP synthase. b. hydrogen ions pass from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix, activating ATP synthase. c. water passes from the mitochondrial ...
Triacylglycerol Metabolism Gone Bad: A major cause of disease
... Palmitoyl-CoA + 7FAD + 7NAD + 7CoA + 7H2O 8Acetyl-CoA + 7FADH2 + 7NADH + 7 H + ...
... Palmitoyl-CoA + 7FAD + 7NAD + 7CoA + 7H2O 8Acetyl-CoA + 7FADH2 + 7NADH + 7 H + ...
Chemistry of Life Review Sheet Key
... ionic bond- formed when 2 ions are attracted to one another. covalent bond- formed when atoms share electron(s). polar molecule- molecule with positive and negative ends hydrogen bond- formed between hydrogen of 1 molecule and negative end (usually oxygen) of another molecule. dehydration synthesis ...
... ionic bond- formed when 2 ions are attracted to one another. covalent bond- formed when atoms share electron(s). polar molecule- molecule with positive and negative ends hydrogen bond- formed between hydrogen of 1 molecule and negative end (usually oxygen) of another molecule. dehydration synthesis ...
Biosynthesis of the nutritionally nonessential amino acids
... • marasmus, in which both caloric intake and specific amino acids are deficient. • Patients with short bowel syndrome unable to absorb sufficient quantities of calories and nutrients suffer from significant nutritional and metabolic abnormalities. • a dietary deficiency of vitamin C is associated wi ...
... • marasmus, in which both caloric intake and specific amino acids are deficient. • Patients with short bowel syndrome unable to absorb sufficient quantities of calories and nutrients suffer from significant nutritional and metabolic abnormalities. • a dietary deficiency of vitamin C is associated wi ...
Life`s First Scalding Steps
... will get his short peptide chains to lengthen and reproduce themselves, the ultimate criterion of life. Everyone digging around for the origin of life would like to discover the first molecule that learned to make copies of itself. "That's really what the struggle is all about," Wächtershäuser says, ...
... will get his short peptide chains to lengthen and reproduce themselves, the ultimate criterion of life. Everyone digging around for the origin of life would like to discover the first molecule that learned to make copies of itself. "That's really what the struggle is all about," Wächtershäuser says, ...
You Light Up My Life
... fatty acids • Glycerol is converted to PGAL, an intermediate of glycolysis • Fatty acids are broken down and converted to acetyl-CoA, which enters Krebs cycle ...
... fatty acids • Glycerol is converted to PGAL, an intermediate of glycolysis • Fatty acids are broken down and converted to acetyl-CoA, which enters Krebs cycle ...
organic compounds - Bibb County Schools
... Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the energy needed to get the reaction started (activation energy). ...
... Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the energy needed to get the reaction started (activation energy). ...
Structure-function study of the C-terminal tail of Thioredoxin Reductase
... Thioredoxin reductase (TR) is an enzyme that functions in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and protecting the cell from oxidative damage. TR is the only enzyme that reduces the protein thioredoxin, which functions in further reducing proteins and other cellular substrates. This system works as ...
... Thioredoxin reductase (TR) is an enzyme that functions in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and protecting the cell from oxidative damage. TR is the only enzyme that reduces the protein thioredoxin, which functions in further reducing proteins and other cellular substrates. This system works as ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.