Respiration
... • Due to the shutdown of the subsequent stages of aerobic respiration, the Reduced NAD effectively has nowhere to go. • As a result, it immediately donates its hydrogen ions and electrons to pyruvate. ...
... • Due to the shutdown of the subsequent stages of aerobic respiration, the Reduced NAD effectively has nowhere to go. • As a result, it immediately donates its hydrogen ions and electrons to pyruvate. ...
respiration review
... are passed down the 9 components of the ETC, hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane, from the matrix side into the intermembrane space. As each component of the chain accepts and then donates an electron, it pumps hydrogen protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space. ...
... are passed down the 9 components of the ETC, hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane, from the matrix side into the intermembrane space. As each component of the chain accepts and then donates an electron, it pumps hydrogen protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space. ...
Bioenergetics Free Energy Change
... Proteins usually not used for energy, rather for anabolic processes • Stage I is the hydrolysis of all classes of molecules to their respective monomers. No energy is made available in this step • Stage II involves the conversion of fats and sugars to acetyl CoA, a 2-carbon metabolite. Some ATP is g ...
... Proteins usually not used for energy, rather for anabolic processes • Stage I is the hydrolysis of all classes of molecules to their respective monomers. No energy is made available in this step • Stage II involves the conversion of fats and sugars to acetyl CoA, a 2-carbon metabolite. Some ATP is g ...
BIOCHEMISTRY 2.1
... • Cellulose: structural carbohydrate (for SUPPORT) – Glucose units, but cannot be released from one another except for a few species of organisms ...
... • Cellulose: structural carbohydrate (for SUPPORT) – Glucose units, but cannot be released from one another except for a few species of organisms ...
Fermentation - mvhs
... Lactic Acid Fermentation • Occurs in certain fungi and bacteria, and humans • End products are lactate and NAD+ • Lactate is eventually converted back to pyruvate in the liver ...
... Lactic Acid Fermentation • Occurs in certain fungi and bacteria, and humans • End products are lactate and NAD+ • Lactate is eventually converted back to pyruvate in the liver ...
Syllabus for BASIC METABOLIC PRINCIPLES
... hydrolysis provides the energy to cycle the protein between two different conformations. Biological Oxidations and Reductions ATP hydrolysis provides the energy to perform most of the work within cells. A key question is: “how is energy obtained to synthesize ATP in th ...
... hydrolysis provides the energy to cycle the protein between two different conformations. Biological Oxidations and Reductions ATP hydrolysis provides the energy to perform most of the work within cells. A key question is: “how is energy obtained to synthesize ATP in th ...
1a ExamI Intro-MicrGrwth
... 5. The leading cause of death in Southeast Asia and Africa today is: a. heart attacks b. accidents c. strokes d. infectious disease e. cancer ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TRUE/FALSE (Answer “a” if true and “b” if false) 6. Mos ...
... 5. The leading cause of death in Southeast Asia and Africa today is: a. heart attacks b. accidents c. strokes d. infectious disease e. cancer ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TRUE/FALSE (Answer “a” if true and “b” if false) 6. Mos ...
Bio Chap 2 Biomolecules
... • Most biological compounds are ORGANIC – compounds of CARBON • The study of these compounds is ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. ...
... • Most biological compounds are ORGANIC – compounds of CARBON • The study of these compounds is ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. ...
GLYCOLYSIS
... • Glucose 6-phosphate in equilib with Fructose 6 –phosphate (F-6P) • Phosphofructokinase inhibition will cause F-6P to rise which also incr G-6P • However other sugars (such as fructose) bypass this step so it should not be only control • The inhibition of F-6P leads to inhibition in G-6P ...
... • Glucose 6-phosphate in equilib with Fructose 6 –phosphate (F-6P) • Phosphofructokinase inhibition will cause F-6P to rise which also incr G-6P • However other sugars (such as fructose) bypass this step so it should not be only control • The inhibition of F-6P leads to inhibition in G-6P ...
Biochem01 - Amit Kessel Ph.D
... carpet. But wait, your carpet is made of nylon! How can this be? Perhaps the landfill and nuclear power plant next to your house have something to do with it... You set out to determine how the bacteria can live off nylon since nothing known can. You scrape off some of the bug-infested carpet and ta ...
... carpet. But wait, your carpet is made of nylon! How can this be? Perhaps the landfill and nuclear power plant next to your house have something to do with it... You set out to determine how the bacteria can live off nylon since nothing known can. You scrape off some of the bug-infested carpet and ta ...
Information Sheet
... Although the final step of fermentation (conversion of pyruvate to fermentation endproducts) does not produce energy, it is critical for an anaerobic cell since it regenerates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), which is required for glycolysis. This is important for normal cellular function, ...
... Although the final step of fermentation (conversion of pyruvate to fermentation endproducts) does not produce energy, it is critical for an anaerobic cell since it regenerates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), which is required for glycolysis. This is important for normal cellular function, ...
Oxidative Phosphorylation
... molecules can+transport fewer ions; consequently, fewer ATP molecules +are generated when FAD+ acts as a carrier. NAD is used as the electron transporter in the liver and FAD acts in the brain. Another factor that aects the yield of ATP molecules generated from glucose is the fact that intermediate ...
... molecules can+transport fewer ions; consequently, fewer ATP molecules +are generated when FAD+ acts as a carrier. NAD is used as the electron transporter in the liver and FAD acts in the brain. Another factor that aects the yield of ATP molecules generated from glucose is the fact that intermediate ...
Anaerobic Respiration
... There is a limit to how much our cells can withstand which limits how much anaerobic respiration the body can do. The accumulation of lactic acid in muscles cause stiffness, soreness, and fatigue. When exercise stops, lactate is converted back to pyruvate for aerobic respiration by the ...
... There is a limit to how much our cells can withstand which limits how much anaerobic respiration the body can do. The accumulation of lactic acid in muscles cause stiffness, soreness, and fatigue. When exercise stops, lactate is converted back to pyruvate for aerobic respiration by the ...
Chapter 10- Photosynthesis
... c. Atmospheric air- provides carbon dioxide - The reactions take place in the stroma of chloroplasts and are not dependent on sunlight directly. B. Calvin-Benson Cycle - Light energy is now stored as chemical energy in organic compounds. - The cyclic pathway operates as follows: a. Carbon dioxide (C ...
... c. Atmospheric air- provides carbon dioxide - The reactions take place in the stroma of chloroplasts and are not dependent on sunlight directly. B. Calvin-Benson Cycle - Light energy is now stored as chemical energy in organic compounds. - The cyclic pathway operates as follows: a. Carbon dioxide (C ...
continued
... – Metabolism of blood glucose and muscle glycogen begins with glycolysis and leads to the Krebs cycle. – NADH and FADH2 molecules transport hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain, where ATP is produced from ADP. ...
... – Metabolism of blood glucose and muscle glycogen begins with glycolysis and leads to the Krebs cycle. – NADH and FADH2 molecules transport hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain, where ATP is produced from ADP. ...
Cells part 2 - fog.ccsf.edu
... • Overworked muscles can become anoxic • In low oxygen environments, pyruvate is converted to lactate to regenerate NAD+ • Lactic acid causes great suffering ...
... • Overworked muscles can become anoxic • In low oxygen environments, pyruvate is converted to lactate to regenerate NAD+ • Lactic acid causes great suffering ...
Chapter 6 Cellular Respiration
... • There are other electron “carrier” molecules that function like NAD+. – They form a staircase where the electrons pass from one to the next down the staircase. – These electron carriers collectively are called the electron transport chain. – As electrons are transported down the chain, ATP is gene ...
... • There are other electron “carrier” molecules that function like NAD+. – They form a staircase where the electrons pass from one to the next down the staircase. – These electron carriers collectively are called the electron transport chain. – As electrons are transported down the chain, ATP is gene ...
Fatty Acid Catabolism - LSU School of Medicine
... certain tissues Some of the acetyl-CoA produced by fatty acid oxidation in liver mitochondria is converted to acetone, acetoacetate and βhydroxybutyrate These are called "ketone bodies" Source of fuel for brain, heart and muscle Major energy source for brain during starvation They are transportable ...
... certain tissues Some of the acetyl-CoA produced by fatty acid oxidation in liver mitochondria is converted to acetone, acetoacetate and βhydroxybutyrate These are called "ketone bodies" Source of fuel for brain, heart and muscle Major energy source for brain during starvation They are transportable ...
video slide
... 1. Both processes use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate 2. The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate) in fermentation and O2 in cellular ...
... 1. Both processes use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate 2. The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate) in fermentation and O2 in cellular ...
Metabolic Processes
... It is the same equation, just reversed for photosynthesis. C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 12H2O + energy ...
... It is the same equation, just reversed for photosynthesis. C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 12H2O + energy ...
MECHANISTIC INVESTIGATION OF D-ARGININE DEHYDROGENASE FROM PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
... Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-‐4098 D-‐arginine dehydrogenase (DADH) catalyzes the oxidation of D-‐amino acids to the corresponding iminoacids, which are non-‐enzymatically hydrolyzed ...
... Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-‐4098 D-‐arginine dehydrogenase (DADH) catalyzes the oxidation of D-‐amino acids to the corresponding iminoacids, which are non-‐enzymatically hydrolyzed ...
Biomolecule
... to form macromolecules Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are called macromolecules because of their large size The largest macromolecules are polymers because they are constructed of many subunits called monomers ...
... to form macromolecules Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are called macromolecules because of their large size The largest macromolecules are polymers because they are constructed of many subunits called monomers ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.