09_Lectures_PPT
... • The citric acid cycle, also called the Krebs cycle, takes place within the mitochondrial matrix • The cycle oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate, generating one ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn ...
... • The citric acid cycle, also called the Krebs cycle, takes place within the mitochondrial matrix • The cycle oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate, generating one ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn ...
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
... oxidation and cleavage of glucose ATP generation (with and without oxygen) all cells in the cytosol (the reducing equivalents are transferred to the electron-transport chain by the shuttle) ...
... oxidation and cleavage of glucose ATP generation (with and without oxygen) all cells in the cytosol (the reducing equivalents are transferred to the electron-transport chain by the shuttle) ...
Exam I will be on lectures 1 to 6 (Introduction to )
... c. carbon atoms joined by single bonds. d. carbon atoms joined by double bonds. e. oxygen atoms joined by double bonds. ...
... c. carbon atoms joined by single bonds. d. carbon atoms joined by double bonds. e. oxygen atoms joined by double bonds. ...
1. The molecule that is most directly used to power different cell
... ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate. The tri in the name tells you that it has a 3 phosphate group tail. The triphosphate tail is an important part of the molecule because it store energy in this high energy bond. ...
... ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate. The tri in the name tells you that it has a 3 phosphate group tail. The triphosphate tail is an important part of the molecule because it store energy in this high energy bond. ...
Nutrients and the structure of macromolecules File
... is partly how fats get their name i.e. C18 or C12 (Lorenzo’s Oil). 2. These chains can also be saturated with Hydrogen molecules so there are only single bonds between carbon atoms Or……… They can be unsaturated and have double bonds between the carbons in the fatty acid chain. 4. The glycerol molecu ...
... is partly how fats get their name i.e. C18 or C12 (Lorenzo’s Oil). 2. These chains can also be saturated with Hydrogen molecules so there are only single bonds between carbon atoms Or……… They can be unsaturated and have double bonds between the carbons in the fatty acid chain. 4. The glycerol molecu ...
The Point is to Make ATP!
... What else is produced that is not listed in this equation? Why do we breathe? AP Biology ...
... What else is produced that is not listed in this equation? Why do we breathe? AP Biology ...
macromolecules
... • Disaccharides – consists of 2 monosaccharides • glucose + glucose = maltose • glucose + fructose = sucrose ...
... • Disaccharides – consists of 2 monosaccharides • glucose + glucose = maltose • glucose + fructose = sucrose ...
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation ...
... Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation ...
Glucose Metabolism
... B. When glucose in the bloodstream enters the cytosol (internal fluid) of our cells, it is immediately converted to glucose – 6 – phosphate. 1. This is an exergonic process and not reversible. Glucose + ATP Æ Glucose – 6 – phosphate + ADP ΔG = -4.0 kcal/mol ...
... B. When glucose in the bloodstream enters the cytosol (internal fluid) of our cells, it is immediately converted to glucose – 6 – phosphate. 1. This is an exergonic process and not reversible. Glucose + ATP Æ Glucose – 6 – phosphate + ADP ΔG = -4.0 kcal/mol ...
Chem 352 - Fall 2014 - Exam II
... a. What class of biological molecule, e.g., amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, etc. does the product of this reaction belong to? ________________________ b. What is the name of the substrate in this reaction? _________________________ c. What class does this enzyme belong to? _________________________ ...
... a. What class of biological molecule, e.g., amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, etc. does the product of this reaction belong to? ________________________ b. What is the name of the substrate in this reaction? _________________________ c. What class does this enzyme belong to? _________________________ ...
Lecture 13: Krebs` Cycle / Citric Acid
... and ubiquinone (UQ) which are hydrogen carriers, the other components of electron transport chain (cytochromes) are only electron carriers i.e. they cannot give or take protons (H+) During the electron transport, FAD and the iron atom of different cytochromes get successively reduced (Fe++) and oxi ...
... and ubiquinone (UQ) which are hydrogen carriers, the other components of electron transport chain (cytochromes) are only electron carriers i.e. they cannot give or take protons (H+) During the electron transport, FAD and the iron atom of different cytochromes get successively reduced (Fe++) and oxi ...
Direction of Krebs cycle Which way does the citric acid cycle turn
... Evidence of neuronal pyruvate carboxylation emerged as early as 1966 (O'Neal and Koeppe, 1966), reviewed in (Hassel, 2001). In view of the absence of pyruvate carboxylase in neurons, alternative pathways were sought; it was found that neurons may carboxylate pyruvate through malic enzyme (Vogel et a ...
... Evidence of neuronal pyruvate carboxylation emerged as early as 1966 (O'Neal and Koeppe, 1966), reviewed in (Hassel, 2001). In view of the absence of pyruvate carboxylase in neurons, alternative pathways were sought; it was found that neurons may carboxylate pyruvate through malic enzyme (Vogel et a ...
Cell Standards
... forms and functions. For example, all organisms require an outside source of energy to sustain life processes; all organisms demonstrate patterns of growth and, in many cases, senescence, the process of becoming old; and the continuity of all species requires reproduction. All organisms are construc ...
... forms and functions. For example, all organisms require an outside source of energy to sustain life processes; all organisms demonstrate patterns of growth and, in many cases, senescence, the process of becoming old; and the continuity of all species requires reproduction. All organisms are construc ...
File
... e) nucleotides __ 11. A carbohydrate (polysaccharide) that is formed by plants and used later by the plant as a reserve food supply and made up of only glucose molecules covalently bonded together is: a) cellulose b) starch c) glycogen d) triglycerides e) sucrose __ 12. In a phospholipid bilayer ___ ...
... e) nucleotides __ 11. A carbohydrate (polysaccharide) that is formed by plants and used later by the plant as a reserve food supply and made up of only glucose molecules covalently bonded together is: a) cellulose b) starch c) glycogen d) triglycerides e) sucrose __ 12. In a phospholipid bilayer ___ ...
The efficiency of the isolation procedure is determined by
... Supporting Information S1- Measurement of enzymatic activities in mitochondrial fraction. The efficiency of the isolation procedure is determined by measuring the mitochondrial marker enzyme citrate synthase and the cytosol-specific marker enzyme lactate dehydrogenase remaining in the mitochondrial ...
... Supporting Information S1- Measurement of enzymatic activities in mitochondrial fraction. The efficiency of the isolation procedure is determined by measuring the mitochondrial marker enzyme citrate synthase and the cytosol-specific marker enzyme lactate dehydrogenase remaining in the mitochondrial ...
Lecture 12: Enzymes of Metabolism: An Introduction Reference
... i. High levels of acetyl CoA activate pyruvate carboxylase to convert pyruvate to OAA (cell signal) 5. Define in general terms the function of carnitine:palmitoyl transferase I and II and acetyl CoA carboxylase. Again, no real detail is needed since these pathways have not been covered. a. CPT I en ...
... i. High levels of acetyl CoA activate pyruvate carboxylase to convert pyruvate to OAA (cell signal) 5. Define in general terms the function of carnitine:palmitoyl transferase I and II and acetyl CoA carboxylase. Again, no real detail is needed since these pathways have not been covered. a. CPT I en ...
Chapter 6
... Very similar to aerobic respiration in eukaryotes Since prokaryotes have no mitochondria, it all occurs in the cytoplasm. Makes 2 more ATP because the NADH from glycolysis isn’t converted to FADH2 ...
... Very similar to aerobic respiration in eukaryotes Since prokaryotes have no mitochondria, it all occurs in the cytoplasm. Makes 2 more ATP because the NADH from glycolysis isn’t converted to FADH2 ...
Balancing Reactions 1
... 5. Write balanced formula unit equations for the following redox reactions: a. Aluminum reacts with sulfuric acid, H2SO4, to produce aluminum sulfate and hydrogen. b. Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia, NH3 c. Zinc sulfide, ZnS, reacts with oxygen to from zinc oxide and sulfur dioxide ...
... 5. Write balanced formula unit equations for the following redox reactions: a. Aluminum reacts with sulfuric acid, H2SO4, to produce aluminum sulfate and hydrogen. b. Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia, NH3 c. Zinc sulfide, ZnS, reacts with oxygen to from zinc oxide and sulfur dioxide ...
Unit 04 Enzymes and respiration Review
... 4. Enzymes are a type of _______________________. The characteristics of enzymes are that they can __________________________________, are a ______________________ fit to their substrate referred to as the __________________________ complex, they can be altered by ___________ or _____________, and a ...
... 4. Enzymes are a type of _______________________. The characteristics of enzymes are that they can __________________________________, are a ______________________ fit to their substrate referred to as the __________________________ complex, they can be altered by ___________ or _____________, and a ...
Photosynthesis
... ATP. Examples are animals, bacteria, protists, fungi, and plants. Cells can still meet their energy needs when there is no oxygen through fermentation. Glycolysis requires NAD+ since no oxygen is available. The electrons from NADH are added to pyruvate to either produce alcohol (in plants and yeast) ...
... ATP. Examples are animals, bacteria, protists, fungi, and plants. Cells can still meet their energy needs when there is no oxygen through fermentation. Glycolysis requires NAD+ since no oxygen is available. The electrons from NADH are added to pyruvate to either produce alcohol (in plants and yeast) ...
how cells obtain energy from food
... glycolysis—from the Greek glukus, “sweet,” and lusis, “rupture.” Glycolysis produces ATP without the involvement of molecular oxygen (O2 gas). It occurs in the cytosol of most cells, including many anaerobic microorganisms. Glycolysis probably evolved early in the history of life, before photosynthe ...
... glycolysis—from the Greek glukus, “sweet,” and lusis, “rupture.” Glycolysis produces ATP without the involvement of molecular oxygen (O2 gas). It occurs in the cytosol of most cells, including many anaerobic microorganisms. Glycolysis probably evolved early in the history of life, before photosynthe ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.