Download amino acids - 11 College Biology

MACROMOLECULES
MACROMOLECULES
 ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS:
molecules that contain
both CARBON and
HYDROGEN
 Very large organic
compounds are called
MACROMOLECULES
 Macromolecules are
composed of smaller
subunits
MACROMOLECULES
 MONOMER: a small molecule
 POLYMER: a long chain-like molecule
composed of many smaller linked molecules
MACROMOLECULES
 There are four kinds of
macromolecules:
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC
ACIDS
CARBOHYDRATES
 Composed of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen
 Formed in the same proportions: two atoms
of hydrogen to every one atom of carbon
and one atom of oxygen
 CH2O
 Provide short term energy
 Provide longer term energy storage for living
organisms
CARBOHYDRATES
 There are three groups of
carbohydrates:
MONOSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES
POLYSACCHARIDES
MONOSACCHARIDES
 A simple sugar or “ONE sugar”
 Examples: GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE and
GALACTOSE
DISACCHARIDES
 A double sugar or
“TWO sugars”
 Examples:
 MALTOSE:
glucose
+ glucose
 SUCROSE: glucose
+ fructose
 LACTOSE:
galactose + glucose
POLYSACCHARIDES
 Composed of
“MANY” simple
sugars linked together
 Examples:
STARCH: energy
storage in plants
 GLYCOGEN: energy
storage in animals
 CELLULOSE: cell
protection and support
in plants

LIPIDS
 Provide long term energy storage, insulation,
and send messages around the body as
hormones.
 The most common type of lipid is FAT.
 Fat is composed of a GLYCEROL head and
three hydrocarbon FATTY ACID tails.
TYPES OF FAT
SATURATED
 The fatty acid chains are
complete composed of
SINGLE bonds between
the carbon atoms.
 The fatty acid chains are
packed tightly together.
 Solid at room
temperature.
 Example: butter
UNSATURATED
 The fatty acid chains have
at least one DOUBLE
bond between the carbon
atoms.
 “KINKS” made in the
fatty acid chains allow for
space.
 Liquid at room
temperature.
 Example: olive oil
SATURATED VS. UNSARTURATED FAT
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
 A type of lipid
consisting of two
fatty acids and a
phosphate
containing group
bonded to gylcerol
 Found in the cell
membrane
STEROIDS
 Lipids with four interconnected carbon rings
 Example: Cholesterol
 Also
found in the cell membrane
 Used to make other lipids like hormones
PROTEINS
 Provide MANY functions in cells:
Provide
structural support.
Act as ENZYMES to facilitate chemical
reactions.
Provides transport.
Acts as chemical messengers
PROTEINS
 Composed of small
units called AMINO
ACIDS.
 Amino acids are
linked by a chemical
linkage called a
PEPTIDE BOND.
 A chain of amino acids
is called a
POLYPEPTIDE.
AMINO ACIDS
 Humans need 22 amino acids to make
proteins.
 Our bodies will manufacture 12 amino acids
 The other 10 amino acids must come from
the food we eat.
 These 10 amino acids are called
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.
PROTEIN SHAPES
 There are FOUR kinds
of protein shapes:
 PRIMARY:
polypeptide chain
 SECONDARY: helix
or pleated sheet
 TERTIARY: 3D
shape
 QUATERNARY:
many proteins joined
together
DENATURATION OF PROTEINS
 If a protein is exposed to extreme conditions
(i.e. pH, salt concentration, temperature,
etc.) it will unfold and change shape
 Changing the shape of a protein will alter its
function.
 The protein is DENATURED.
 The protein will lose its ability to perform its
normal function.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
 Directs the growth and development of
every living thing by means of a code.
 Determines how the cell functions
 There are two kinds of nucleic acid:
DNA
RNA
NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA
RNA
 Deoxyribonucleic acid
 Ribonucleic acid
 Main component of
 Contains the
genes or hereditary
material.
 Is DOUBLE stranded
in a helix formation.
instructions for
making proteins.
 Is SINGLE stranded.
NUCLEOTIDES
 Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of
subunits called NUCLEOTIDES.
 DNA and RNA are composed of only FOUR
nucleotides.