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Transcript
MACROMOLECULES MACROMOLECULES ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: molecules that contain both CARBON and HYDROGEN Very large organic compounds are called MACROMOLECULES Macromolecules are composed of smaller subunits MACROMOLECULES MONOMER: a small molecule POLYMER: a long chain-like molecule composed of many smaller linked molecules MACROMOLECULES There are four kinds of macromolecules: CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS CARBOHYDRATES Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Formed in the same proportions: two atoms of hydrogen to every one atom of carbon and one atom of oxygen CH2O Provide short term energy Provide longer term energy storage for living organisms CARBOHYDRATES There are three groups of carbohydrates: MONOSACCHARIDES DISACCHARIDES POLYSACCHARIDES MONOSACCHARIDES A simple sugar or “ONE sugar” Examples: GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE and GALACTOSE DISACCHARIDES A double sugar or “TWO sugars” Examples: MALTOSE: glucose + glucose SUCROSE: glucose + fructose LACTOSE: galactose + glucose POLYSACCHARIDES Composed of “MANY” simple sugars linked together Examples: STARCH: energy storage in plants GLYCOGEN: energy storage in animals CELLULOSE: cell protection and support in plants LIPIDS Provide long term energy storage, insulation, and send messages around the body as hormones. The most common type of lipid is FAT. Fat is composed of a GLYCEROL head and three hydrocarbon FATTY ACID tails. TYPES OF FAT SATURATED The fatty acid chains are complete composed of SINGLE bonds between the carbon atoms. The fatty acid chains are packed tightly together. Solid at room temperature. Example: butter UNSATURATED The fatty acid chains have at least one DOUBLE bond between the carbon atoms. “KINKS” made in the fatty acid chains allow for space. Liquid at room temperature. Example: olive oil SATURATED VS. UNSARTURATED FAT PHOSPHOLIPIDS A type of lipid consisting of two fatty acids and a phosphate containing group bonded to gylcerol Found in the cell membrane STEROIDS Lipids with four interconnected carbon rings Example: Cholesterol Also found in the cell membrane Used to make other lipids like hormones PROTEINS Provide MANY functions in cells: Provide structural support. Act as ENZYMES to facilitate chemical reactions. Provides transport. Acts as chemical messengers PROTEINS Composed of small units called AMINO ACIDS. Amino acids are linked by a chemical linkage called a PEPTIDE BOND. A chain of amino acids is called a POLYPEPTIDE. AMINO ACIDS Humans need 22 amino acids to make proteins. Our bodies will manufacture 12 amino acids The other 10 amino acids must come from the food we eat. These 10 amino acids are called ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS. PROTEIN SHAPES There are FOUR kinds of protein shapes: PRIMARY: polypeptide chain SECONDARY: helix or pleated sheet TERTIARY: 3D shape QUATERNARY: many proteins joined together DENATURATION OF PROTEINS If a protein is exposed to extreme conditions (i.e. pH, salt concentration, temperature, etc.) it will unfold and change shape Changing the shape of a protein will alter its function. The protein is DENATURED. The protein will lose its ability to perform its normal function. NUCLEIC ACIDS Directs the growth and development of every living thing by means of a code. Determines how the cell functions There are two kinds of nucleic acid: DNA RNA NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA RNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid Main component of Contains the genes or hereditary material. Is DOUBLE stranded in a helix formation. instructions for making proteins. Is SINGLE stranded. NUCLEOTIDES Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of subunits called NUCLEOTIDES. DNA and RNA are composed of only FOUR nucleotides.