Chapter 9
... • Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food ...
... • Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food ...
2. What are the main properties that fats, proteins, and
... The primary function of pigments in plants is Photosynthesis, which uses the green pigment Chlorophyll along with several red and yellow pigments that help to capture as much light energy as possible. The chlorophyll pigments are located within the leaves. 31. What are the main products of the ligh ...
... The primary function of pigments in plants is Photosynthesis, which uses the green pigment Chlorophyll along with several red and yellow pigments that help to capture as much light energy as possible. The chlorophyll pigments are located within the leaves. 31. What are the main products of the ligh ...
study guide section 3-1 carbon compounds
... a. the R groups of the amino acids they contain. b. the amino groups of the amino acids they contain. c. the carboxyl groups of the amino acids they contain. d. whether or not they contain any amino acids. 3. ______ Most enzymes a. are changed by the reactions they catalyze. b. increase that activat ...
... a. the R groups of the amino acids they contain. b. the amino groups of the amino acids they contain. c. the carboxyl groups of the amino acids they contain. d. whether or not they contain any amino acids. 3. ______ Most enzymes a. are changed by the reactions they catalyze. b. increase that activat ...
Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis
... 1. To reduce one molecule of O2, ________ electron(s) must be passed through the electron transport chain and ________ molecule(s) of NADH is(are) oxidized. A) 4; 2 B) 2; 1 C) 1; 1 D) 1; 2 E) 4; 4 2. The chemiosmotic theory is a concept that ________. A) the transport of Na+ and K+ across cell memb ...
... 1. To reduce one molecule of O2, ________ electron(s) must be passed through the electron transport chain and ________ molecule(s) of NADH is(are) oxidized. A) 4; 2 B) 2; 1 C) 1; 1 D) 1; 2 E) 4; 4 2. The chemiosmotic theory is a concept that ________. A) the transport of Na+ and K+ across cell memb ...
Chapter 2 - SCHOOLinSITES
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. ...
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. ...
Examination III Key
... 29. [6 points] Complex lipids can be described as oligomers of oligomers. When this is concept is applied to cholesterol, it is actually an oligomer of an oligomer of an oligomer. a. [2 points] What is the name of the metabolite produced by the first stage of oligomerization (before it is further mo ...
... 29. [6 points] Complex lipids can be described as oligomers of oligomers. When this is concept is applied to cholesterol, it is actually an oligomer of an oligomer of an oligomer. a. [2 points] What is the name of the metabolite produced by the first stage of oligomerization (before it is further mo ...
Biochem 2 Recitation #2 Spr 20152102105.pptx
... back to DHAP by a membrane-bound mGPdh, this time reducing one molecule of enzyme-bound FAD to FADH2. FADH2 then reduces coenzyme Q (ubiquinone to ubiquinol) which enters into oxidative phosphorylation. This reaction is irreversible ...
... back to DHAP by a membrane-bound mGPdh, this time reducing one molecule of enzyme-bound FAD to FADH2. FADH2 then reduces coenzyme Q (ubiquinone to ubiquinol) which enters into oxidative phosphorylation. This reaction is irreversible ...
energy systems
... • When is it used? supplies about 10 seconds worth of energy and is used for short bursts of exercise such as a 100 meter sprint. • It first uses up any ATP stored in the muscle (about 2-3 seconds worth) and then it uses creatine phosphate (CP) to resynthesize ATP until the CP runs out (another 6-8 ...
... • When is it used? supplies about 10 seconds worth of energy and is used for short bursts of exercise such as a 100 meter sprint. • It first uses up any ATP stored in the muscle (about 2-3 seconds worth) and then it uses creatine phosphate (CP) to resynthesize ATP until the CP runs out (another 6-8 ...
BIO 322_Rec_4part1_Spring 2013
... TFP is heterooctamer of α4β4 subunits. α subunit: 2 activities enoyl-CoA hydratase and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase β subunit: thiolase activity ...
... TFP is heterooctamer of α4β4 subunits. α subunit: 2 activities enoyl-CoA hydratase and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase β subunit: thiolase activity ...
CHAPTER 7 – COENZYMES AND VITAMINS CHAPTER SUMMARY
... 2. What can be used to convert inactive apoenzymes to active holoenzymes? ...
... 2. What can be used to convert inactive apoenzymes to active holoenzymes? ...
1. glucose is broken down to pyruvate in the cytoplasm;
... glucose converted to pyruvate (two molecules); by glycolysis; pyruvate enters the mitochondria; pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA / ethyl CoA; by oxidative decarboxylation / NADH and CO2 formed; fatty acids / lipids converted to acetyl CoA; acetyl groups enter the Krebs cycle (accept acetyl CoA); FAD ...
... glucose converted to pyruvate (two molecules); by glycolysis; pyruvate enters the mitochondria; pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA / ethyl CoA; by oxidative decarboxylation / NADH and CO2 formed; fatty acids / lipids converted to acetyl CoA; acetyl groups enter the Krebs cycle (accept acetyl CoA); FAD ...
the PDF for the Organix Test
... secondary ammonia detoxification pathway Orotate is sensitive to anything that increases ammonia, including a high protein diet, intestinal dysbiosis, urea cycle overloads cause increased orotate synthesis and spillage as a secondary ammonia detoxification pathway. Orotate is sensitive to anything t ...
... secondary ammonia detoxification pathway Orotate is sensitive to anything that increases ammonia, including a high protein diet, intestinal dysbiosis, urea cycle overloads cause increased orotate synthesis and spillage as a secondary ammonia detoxification pathway. Orotate is sensitive to anything t ...
Medical Biochemistry
... Animal cells contain alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) which oxidizes ethanol to acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde is oxidized to acetate by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (AcDH). Acetaldehyde and acetate are toxic leading to the many side effects (the hangover) that are associated with alcohol consumption. The ADH ...
... Animal cells contain alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) which oxidizes ethanol to acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde is oxidized to acetate by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (AcDH). Acetaldehyde and acetate are toxic leading to the many side effects (the hangover) that are associated with alcohol consumption. The ADH ...
Biological Pathways II: Metabolic Pathways
... Then, instead of being converted to pentose and carbon dioxide, it is dehydrated yielding 2-keto-3, dehydro, 6 phosphogluconic acid. ...
... Then, instead of being converted to pentose and carbon dioxide, it is dehydrated yielding 2-keto-3, dehydro, 6 phosphogluconic acid. ...
Quiz Chapter 5 Organic Molecules
... Directions: Each group of questions consists of five lettered headings followed by a list of numbered phrases or sentences. For each numbered phrase or sentence, select the one heading that is most closely related to it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. Each heading may be used ...
... Directions: Each group of questions consists of five lettered headings followed by a list of numbered phrases or sentences. For each numbered phrase or sentence, select the one heading that is most closely related to it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. Each heading may be used ...
Gibbs Free Energy Changes for the Glycolytic Enzymes
... amount of citrate is indicative of the TCA cycle activity. When the citrate concentration is high, the cell is actively metabolizing other fuel sources (like fatty acids) , so glucose is conserved by inhibiting glycolysis. Step 4: Splitting of six-carbon compound into two three-carbon compounds (pho ...
... amount of citrate is indicative of the TCA cycle activity. When the citrate concentration is high, the cell is actively metabolizing other fuel sources (like fatty acids) , so glucose is conserved by inhibiting glycolysis. Step 4: Splitting of six-carbon compound into two three-carbon compounds (pho ...
Overview of Metabolism Chapter
... up captured in two molecules of NADH, which is made from Vitamin B3 (niacin). NADH is one of two primary electron carriers in metabolism (Figure 4), and it exists as an oxidized form (NAD+) and a reduced form (NADH). This molecule is like a taxi for electrons, picking them up from glucose and droppi ...
... up captured in two molecules of NADH, which is made from Vitamin B3 (niacin). NADH is one of two primary electron carriers in metabolism (Figure 4), and it exists as an oxidized form (NAD+) and a reduced form (NADH). This molecule is like a taxi for electrons, picking them up from glucose and droppi ...
7.014 Quiz I Handout
... to CO2 and H 2O, producing NADH and FADH2. e) Electron transport produces ATP directly from the transfer of electrons from NADH to O2. f) In eukaryotic cells, glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, whereas the reaction of the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation take place only in the mitochon ...
... to CO2 and H 2O, producing NADH and FADH2. e) Electron transport produces ATP directly from the transfer of electrons from NADH to O2. f) In eukaryotic cells, glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, whereas the reaction of the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation take place only in the mitochon ...
Cellular Respiration
... Energy Yielding Phase: Rewarded for your investment by 4 ATP molecules Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) ...
... Energy Yielding Phase: Rewarded for your investment by 4 ATP molecules Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.