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... OXIDATION -- Removal of an electron pair from a molecule REDUCTION -- Addition of an electron pair from a molecule ...
... OXIDATION -- Removal of an electron pair from a molecule REDUCTION -- Addition of an electron pair from a molecule ...
lecture5
... (FAD), hydration, oxidation by NAD+, and thiolysis by CoA (Figure 22.8). The fatty acyl chain is shortened by two carbon atoms as a result of these reactions, and FADH2, NADH, and acetyl CoA are generated. Because oxidation is on the b carbon, this series of reactions is called the b-oxidation pathw ...
... (FAD), hydration, oxidation by NAD+, and thiolysis by CoA (Figure 22.8). The fatty acyl chain is shortened by two carbon atoms as a result of these reactions, and FADH2, NADH, and acetyl CoA are generated. Because oxidation is on the b carbon, this series of reactions is called the b-oxidation pathw ...
Mitochondrial b
... b-oxidation of saturated fatty acids and more important for the oxidation of unsaturated [10] and 2-methyl-branched chain fatty acids [11], although comparison of mice with disrupted LCAD and VLCAD supports a role for LCAD in b-oxidation of saturated fatty acids [12]. Recently, a further, ninth, mem ...
... b-oxidation of saturated fatty acids and more important for the oxidation of unsaturated [10] and 2-methyl-branched chain fatty acids [11], although comparison of mice with disrupted LCAD and VLCAD supports a role for LCAD in b-oxidation of saturated fatty acids [12]. Recently, a further, ninth, mem ...
The importance of gluconeogenesis as an important
... occurs in the mitochondria, allosterically activated by acetyl CoA. OAA has to be transported from mitochondria to cytosol. (PyruvateOxaloacetate “OAA”) 2- PEPCK: Decarboxylation & phosphorylation reaction, requires energy (GTP), occurs in cytosol, the enzyme’s gene is induced by glucagon & repress ...
... occurs in the mitochondria, allosterically activated by acetyl CoA. OAA has to be transported from mitochondria to cytosol. (PyruvateOxaloacetate “OAA”) 2- PEPCK: Decarboxylation & phosphorylation reaction, requires energy (GTP), occurs in cytosol, the enzyme’s gene is induced by glucagon & repress ...
View Essential-4 Data Sheet
... Q10 in a natural orange flavored, fast-melting tablet. CoQmelt’s patented delivery system – a tablet that melts on the tongue virtually in seconds – has been shown to absorb faster than other coenzyme Q10 products currently available. Best of all, CoQmelt™ contains no sugar, artificial colors or fla ...
... Q10 in a natural orange flavored, fast-melting tablet. CoQmelt’s patented delivery system – a tablet that melts on the tongue virtually in seconds – has been shown to absorb faster than other coenzyme Q10 products currently available. Best of all, CoQmelt™ contains no sugar, artificial colors or fla ...
Cellular Respiration - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... When O2 is available, each NADH molecule carries two highenergy electrons to the electron transport chain and becomes NAD+ again. In this way, NAD+ is recycled and used again. The addition of inorganic phosphate results in a high-energy phosphate group on each C3 molecule. These phosphate groups are ...
... When O2 is available, each NADH molecule carries two highenergy electrons to the electron transport chain and becomes NAD+ again. In this way, NAD+ is recycled and used again. The addition of inorganic phosphate results in a high-energy phosphate group on each C3 molecule. These phosphate groups are ...
Acid/Base: Salicylate Toxicity
... Inhibits the Krebs cycle enzymes, encouraging lipid metabolism and ketogenisis Inhibition of amino acid metabolism leads to amino ...
... Inhibits the Krebs cycle enzymes, encouraging lipid metabolism and ketogenisis Inhibition of amino acid metabolism leads to amino ...
Fatty acids with
... Oxidation of fatty acids with >12 C is carried out by a multienzyme bound to the mitochondrial inner membrane, in which the last three enzymes are tightly associated (trifunctional protein), when the chain is < 12 C soluble enzymes in the matrix continue the oxidation ...
... Oxidation of fatty acids with >12 C is carried out by a multienzyme bound to the mitochondrial inner membrane, in which the last three enzymes are tightly associated (trifunctional protein), when the chain is < 12 C soluble enzymes in the matrix continue the oxidation ...
Examples from metabolism of xenobiotics
... • 90 % metabolized (mainly in the liver) • oxidation: ethanol → acetaldehyde → acetic acid • enzymes: alcohol dehydrogenase (cytoplasm, NAD+) aldehyde dehydrogenase (mitochondria, NAD+) or cyt P450 (MEOS) → oxidative stress ...
... • 90 % metabolized (mainly in the liver) • oxidation: ethanol → acetaldehyde → acetic acid • enzymes: alcohol dehydrogenase (cytoplasm, NAD+) aldehyde dehydrogenase (mitochondria, NAD+) or cyt P450 (MEOS) → oxidative stress ...
Prezentace aplikace PowerPoint
... Glutathione serves as a reductant; is conjugated to drugs to make them more water soluble (detoxification). Reduces peroxides formed during oxygen transport. The resulting oxidized form of GSH consists of two molecules disulfide bonded together (abbreviated GSSG). Is involved in amino acid transport ...
... Glutathione serves as a reductant; is conjugated to drugs to make them more water soluble (detoxification). Reduces peroxides formed during oxygen transport. The resulting oxidized form of GSH consists of two molecules disulfide bonded together (abbreviated GSSG). Is involved in amino acid transport ...
Key - UCSB CLAS
... identical physical properties making it challenging to separate them – in kinetic resolution you can take advantage of the fact that certain enzymes (which are also chiral) will catalyze L faster than D (hence kinetic) in particular reactions – this alteration on the L amino acid makes it have diffe ...
... identical physical properties making it challenging to separate them – in kinetic resolution you can take advantage of the fact that certain enzymes (which are also chiral) will catalyze L faster than D (hence kinetic) in particular reactions – this alteration on the L amino acid makes it have diffe ...
Coenzymes
... Biotin • Biotin is required in very small amounts because it is available from intestinal bacteria • Avidin (raw egg protein) binds biotin very tightly and may lead to a biotin deficiency (cooking eggs denatures avidin so it does not bind biotin) • Biotin (a prosthetic group) enzymes catalyze: ...
... Biotin • Biotin is required in very small amounts because it is available from intestinal bacteria • Avidin (raw egg protein) binds biotin very tightly and may lead to a biotin deficiency (cooking eggs denatures avidin so it does not bind biotin) • Biotin (a prosthetic group) enzymes catalyze: ...
AP Bio - Semester 1 Review
... doesn’t directly require light. Even so, it also occurs during the day because it must have the products (ATP and NADPH) made by the light reactions during the day. Photorespiration – using O2 instead of CO2 during Calvin Cycle (no glucose produced) o Rubisco uses O2 instead of CO2 Rubisco evolved ...
... doesn’t directly require light. Even so, it also occurs during the day because it must have the products (ATP and NADPH) made by the light reactions during the day. Photorespiration – using O2 instead of CO2 during Calvin Cycle (no glucose produced) o Rubisco uses O2 instead of CO2 Rubisco evolved ...
Exam Name___________________________________
... 34) According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, which of the following is a true statement about membrane phospholipids? 34) ______ A) They frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other. B) They occur in an uninterrupted bilayer, with membrane proteins restricted to the ...
... 34) According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, which of the following is a true statement about membrane phospholipids? 34) ______ A) They frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other. B) They occur in an uninterrupted bilayer, with membrane proteins restricted to the ...
Methods of industrial production
... essential (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine) and commercially important amino acids, ecumenically found in naturally occurring proteins of all living ...
... essential (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine) and commercially important amino acids, ecumenically found in naturally occurring proteins of all living ...
T06 Fermentations 2014
... How much NADH can be produced from the complete oxidation to CO2 of the following compounds: CH3-CHOH-CH2-CH2OH 11 CHOOH 1 benzoate (aromatic ring with a COOH group attached to one of the carbons 15 ...
... How much NADH can be produced from the complete oxidation to CO2 of the following compounds: CH3-CHOH-CH2-CH2OH 11 CHOOH 1 benzoate (aromatic ring with a COOH group attached to one of the carbons 15 ...
CHEMISTRY
... (3) +, +, (4) -,+,- 53. H2(g) +1/2 O2 (g) H298k=-285.8 kJ The molar enthalpy of vapourisation of water at 1 atm and 250C is 44 kJ. The standard enthalpy of formation of 1 mole of water vapour at 250 C is: ...
... (3) +, +, (4) -,+,- 53. H2(g) +1/2 O2 (g) H298k=-285.8 kJ The molar enthalpy of vapourisation of water at 1 atm and 250C is 44 kJ. The standard enthalpy of formation of 1 mole of water vapour at 250 C is: ...
PHY3072 - MUSCLE AND EXERCISE LECTURE 2: Introduction to
... - Fat (C55H104O6) + 78O2 → 55CO2 + 52H2O + Heat RER = VCO2/VO2… 55mol/78mol = 0.7 - So based on the VO2 and VCO2 measured at the mouth, one can calculate the amount of CHO and fat being oxidised Calculating substrate oxidation: - Caveats/Warnings? Intermediate metabolic processes do not occur (e ...
... - Fat (C55H104O6) + 78O2 → 55CO2 + 52H2O + Heat RER = VCO2/VO2… 55mol/78mol = 0.7 - So based on the VO2 and VCO2 measured at the mouth, one can calculate the amount of CHO and fat being oxidised Calculating substrate oxidation: - Caveats/Warnings? Intermediate metabolic processes do not occur (e ...
Fatty Acid Synthesis
... 1. Fatty acids are built from 2-C units -- acetylCoA 2. Acetyl-CoA are activated by formation of malonyl-CoA 3. Decarboxylation of malonyl-CoA and reducing power of NADPH drive chain growth 4. Chain grows to 16-carbons (palmitate) 5. Other enzymes add double bonds and more Cs ...
... 1. Fatty acids are built from 2-C units -- acetylCoA 2. Acetyl-CoA are activated by formation of malonyl-CoA 3. Decarboxylation of malonyl-CoA and reducing power of NADPH drive chain growth 4. Chain grows to 16-carbons (palmitate) 5. Other enzymes add double bonds and more Cs ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.