Changes in cardiac metabolism: a critical step from stable angina to
... of the rate of fatty acid oxidation removes inhibition of flux through PDH by NADH and acetyl-CoA, and results in more pyruvate oxidation and thus more glucose and lactate uptake. tissue, resulting in a decrease in ATP formation by oxidative phosphorylation (Fig. 4)[1,2,17]. The reduction in aerobic ...
... of the rate of fatty acid oxidation removes inhibition of flux through PDH by NADH and acetyl-CoA, and results in more pyruvate oxidation and thus more glucose and lactate uptake. tissue, resulting in a decrease in ATP formation by oxidative phosphorylation (Fig. 4)[1,2,17]. The reduction in aerobic ...
Hormonal regulation and pathologies of carbohydrate metabolism
... activity of the enzyme increases when the ATP/AMP ratio is lowered (glycolysis is stimulated as the energy charge falls). A fall in pH also inhibits phosphofructokinase 1 activity. The inhibition of phosphofructokinase by H+ prevents excessive formation of lactic acid and a precipitous drop in blood ...
... activity of the enzyme increases when the ATP/AMP ratio is lowered (glycolysis is stimulated as the energy charge falls). A fall in pH also inhibits phosphofructokinase 1 activity. The inhibition of phosphofructokinase by H+ prevents excessive formation of lactic acid and a precipitous drop in blood ...
CHEMISTRY OF FOOD FERMENTATION
... reaction. In anaerobic conditions, the cell’s primary mechanism of ATP production is glycolysis. Glycolysis reduces (i.e. transfers electrons to) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), forming NADH. However there is a limited supply of NAD+ available in any given cell. For glycolysis to continue, ...
... reaction. In anaerobic conditions, the cell’s primary mechanism of ATP production is glycolysis. Glycolysis reduces (i.e. transfers electrons to) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), forming NADH. However there is a limited supply of NAD+ available in any given cell. For glycolysis to continue, ...
2 - Holy Trinity Diocesan High School
... molecules are broken down in a series of steps Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD, a coenzyme As an electron acceptor, NAD functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD) represents stored energy that is tapp ...
... molecules are broken down in a series of steps Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD, a coenzyme As an electron acceptor, NAD functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD) represents stored energy that is tapp ...
CHAP NUM="9" ID="CH
... respiration, the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of the first two stages (most often via NADH) and passes these electrons from one molecule to another. At the end of the chain, the electrons are combined with molecular oxygen and hydrogen ions (H+), forming wat ...
... respiration, the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of the first two stages (most often via NADH) and passes these electrons from one molecule to another. At the end of the chain, the electrons are combined with molecular oxygen and hydrogen ions (H+), forming wat ...
Calvin Cycle
... phosphate from the active site, and carbamate formation. Since photosynthetic light reactions produce ATP, the ATP dependence of RuBisCO activation provides a mechanism for light-dependent activation of the enzyme. The activase is a member of the AAA family of ATPases, many of which have chaperone-l ...
... phosphate from the active site, and carbamate formation. Since photosynthetic light reactions produce ATP, the ATP dependence of RuBisCO activation provides a mechanism for light-dependent activation of the enzyme. The activase is a member of the AAA family of ATPases, many of which have chaperone-l ...
CLEP Biology - Problem Drill 06: Metabolism and Cellular
... Oxidative Phosphorylation NADH and FADH2 carry electrons to protein machines. NADH and FADH2 pass electrons to machines, which pass them to the final acceptor: oxygen. As they pass electrons, machines pump hydrogen ions to create a concentration gradient. Hydrogen ions flow back due to concentration ...
... Oxidative Phosphorylation NADH and FADH2 carry electrons to protein machines. NADH and FADH2 pass electrons to machines, which pass them to the final acceptor: oxygen. As they pass electrons, machines pump hydrogen ions to create a concentration gradient. Hydrogen ions flow back due to concentration ...
Bio Honors Review Packet
... 10) Which pH has an equal concentration of H+ and OH- ions? a) 3 b) 5 c) 7 d) 9 e) 11 11) All of the following are true concerning lipids except a) their monomers consist of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids b) they are used for protection of vital organs c) plants may contain fats in their seeds d) satu ...
... 10) Which pH has an equal concentration of H+ and OH- ions? a) 3 b) 5 c) 7 d) 9 e) 11 11) All of the following are true concerning lipids except a) their monomers consist of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids b) they are used for protection of vital organs c) plants may contain fats in their seeds d) satu ...
Cellular Respiration
... Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3carbon compound. How much ATP is released during glycolysis? ...
... Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3carbon compound. How much ATP is released during glycolysis? ...
Metabolism of RBC
... respect to ATP production, supply of intermediates for Rapoport-Luebering glycolytic shunt and Hexose monophosphate pathway. Explain the role of NADPH in glutathione metabolism Explain the role of ATP and glutathione in the maintenance of erythrocyte membrane stability Explain the molecular ba ...
... respect to ATP production, supply of intermediates for Rapoport-Luebering glycolytic shunt and Hexose monophosphate pathway. Explain the role of NADPH in glutathione metabolism Explain the role of ATP and glutathione in the maintenance of erythrocyte membrane stability Explain the molecular ba ...
Crystal Structure and Functional Analysis of Glyceraldehyde
... 1.2.1.12) and essential in glycolysis pathway. This enzyme catalyzes phosphorylation of glyceraldhyde-3-phosphate (G3P) to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate (BPG) only using the cofator NAD+ to accept electrons from substrates. Another kind GAPDH belong to subfamily (E.C. 1.2.1.13) which could use both NAD+ an ...
... 1.2.1.12) and essential in glycolysis pathway. This enzyme catalyzes phosphorylation of glyceraldhyde-3-phosphate (G3P) to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate (BPG) only using the cofator NAD+ to accept electrons from substrates. Another kind GAPDH belong to subfamily (E.C. 1.2.1.13) which could use both NAD+ an ...
Unit 2 Review 161
... 3. The overall effect is a series of redox reactions; every time electrons transfer to a new carrier, energy is released for the production of ATP. D. ATP Production 1. There are four sources of ATP production from glucose to CO2 in the presence of O2. 2. There is an initial ATP investment. 3. Direc ...
... 3. The overall effect is a series of redox reactions; every time electrons transfer to a new carrier, energy is released for the production of ATP. D. ATP Production 1. There are four sources of ATP production from glucose to CO2 in the presence of O2. 2. There is an initial ATP investment. 3. Direc ...
Impairment of glutamine/glutamate-‐γ
... Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element that is required for maintaining the proper function and regulation of many biochemical and cellular reactions. Despite its essentiality, at excessive levels Mn is toxic to the central ...
... Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element that is required for maintaining the proper function and regulation of many biochemical and cellular reactions. Despite its essentiality, at excessive levels Mn is toxic to the central ...
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical
... reduction of NAD + to NADH is +53 kcal/mole. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? A) Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose is used in the production of ATP in glycolysis. B) Glycolysis is a ver ...
... reduction of NAD + to NADH is +53 kcal/mole. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? A) Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose is used in the production of ATP in glycolysis. B) Glycolysis is a ver ...
Macromolecules: Proteins
... catalysts. Cells contain thousands of different enzymes to control the functions of the cell. Enzymes must physically fit a specific substrate(s) to work properly. The place where a substrate fits an enzyme to be catalyzed is called the active site. Excess heat, a change in pH from neutral, etc. cha ...
... catalysts. Cells contain thousands of different enzymes to control the functions of the cell. Enzymes must physically fit a specific substrate(s) to work properly. The place where a substrate fits an enzyme to be catalyzed is called the active site. Excess heat, a change in pH from neutral, etc. cha ...
Guidelines for the Investigation of Hyperammonaemia
... collection or a delay in analysis. (see Appendix –Measurement of Ammonia in Blood/Plasma) Hyperammonaemia can be caused by inherited deficiencies of the enzymes of the urea cycle. They are individually rare disorders but have a combined estimated incidence of approximately 1:30,000. The commonest di ...
... collection or a delay in analysis. (see Appendix –Measurement of Ammonia in Blood/Plasma) Hyperammonaemia can be caused by inherited deficiencies of the enzymes of the urea cycle. They are individually rare disorders but have a combined estimated incidence of approximately 1:30,000. The commonest di ...
File
... A series of enzymes catalyze the reaction X Y Z A. Product A binds to the enzyme that converts X to Y at a position away from its active site. This binding decreases the activity of the enzyme. 14. With respect to the enzyme that converts X to Y, substance A functions as a. a coenzyme c. the s ...
... A series of enzymes catalyze the reaction X Y Z A. Product A binds to the enzyme that converts X to Y at a position away from its active site. This binding decreases the activity of the enzyme. 14. With respect to the enzyme that converts X to Y, substance A functions as a. a coenzyme c. the s ...
Practicing with Cladograms
... With advances in molecular biology, scientists are able to take a closer look at similarities among organisms and to look for evolutionary relationships at the molecular level. The amino acid sequence of a protein can be examined in much the same way as the derived traits shown in the previous secti ...
... With advances in molecular biology, scientists are able to take a closer look at similarities among organisms and to look for evolutionary relationships at the molecular level. The amino acid sequence of a protein can be examined in much the same way as the derived traits shown in the previous secti ...
The Michaelis-Menten equation
... these enzymes from potentially digesting the pancreas including: storage and packing in acidic media to inhibit enzyme activity synthesis and storage as inactive precursor forms. some of the enzymes that are stored in the pancreas before secretion as inactive precursor forms, then activated when the ...
... these enzymes from potentially digesting the pancreas including: storage and packing in acidic media to inhibit enzyme activity synthesis and storage as inactive precursor forms. some of the enzymes that are stored in the pancreas before secretion as inactive precursor forms, then activated when the ...
Mitochondria and energy production
... kinase-mediated mechanism. The other mechanism involves amino acids (e.g. leucine, phenylalanine and tyrosine) that are not concentrated within the liver but appear to exert their actions via an mTOR-mediated pathway. Recent studies have clarified the mechanism by which glutamine and system A substr ...
... kinase-mediated mechanism. The other mechanism involves amino acids (e.g. leucine, phenylalanine and tyrosine) that are not concentrated within the liver but appear to exert their actions via an mTOR-mediated pathway. Recent studies have clarified the mechanism by which glutamine and system A substr ...
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... If two enzymes (e.g., pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase) compete for the same substrate (pyruvate), the one with the higher Km has less affinity and will be more active when pyruvate concentrations are high. ...
... If two enzymes (e.g., pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase) compete for the same substrate (pyruvate), the one with the higher Km has less affinity and will be more active when pyruvate concentrations are high. ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.