Regulation of secondary metabolism in streptomycetes
... secondary metabolic gene clusters that they regulate (those for virginiamycin M and virginiamycin S [27]). Similarly, although initially recognized by their role in regulating Act and Red production, the corresponding genes of S. coelicolor, scbA and scbR, are adjacent to, and directly regulate, a ...
... secondary metabolic gene clusters that they regulate (those for virginiamycin M and virginiamycin S [27]). Similarly, although initially recognized by their role in regulating Act and Red production, the corresponding genes of S. coelicolor, scbA and scbR, are adjacent to, and directly regulate, a ...
Cloning, characterization and in vitro and in planta expression of a
... are perceived by the plant, by a presumed plasma membrane-bound receptor, and a signaling cascade is initiated, resulting in the up-regulation of a number of plant defenses. Since the recent identification of GIPs, studies have focused on their biochemical characterization, addressing features such ...
... are perceived by the plant, by a presumed plasma membrane-bound receptor, and a signaling cascade is initiated, resulting in the up-regulation of a number of plant defenses. Since the recent identification of GIPs, studies have focused on their biochemical characterization, addressing features such ...
What stay-green mutants tell us about nitrogen remobilization in leaf
... polymorphisms in corresponding cDNAs. An example is UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UDPGP). The stay-green gene from F. pratensis was transferred to L. temulentum Ceres and the alien segment reduced by several backcrosses (Thomas et al., 1999). Figure 5a shows that the small introgressed segment carr ...
... polymorphisms in corresponding cDNAs. An example is UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UDPGP). The stay-green gene from F. pratensis was transferred to L. temulentum Ceres and the alien segment reduced by several backcrosses (Thomas et al., 1999). Figure 5a shows that the small introgressed segment carr ...
Mass spectrometry - 123seminarsonly.com
... mRNA produced in abundance may be degraded rapidly or translated inefficiently, resulting in a small amount of protein. 2. Many proteins experience post-translational modifications that profoundly affect their activities; for example some proteins are not active until they become phosphorylated. Met ...
... mRNA produced in abundance may be degraded rapidly or translated inefficiently, resulting in a small amount of protein. 2. Many proteins experience post-translational modifications that profoundly affect their activities; for example some proteins are not active until they become phosphorylated. Met ...
Noradrenaline and hsp70 expression in mollusc immune cells
... metabolic and environmental insults. Heat shock proteins (hsp) are encoded by a family of highly conserved genes present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and range in size from 10 to 110 kDa, with the 70 kDa hsp (hsp70) being the most abundant and best-characterized members of this protein f ...
... metabolic and environmental insults. Heat shock proteins (hsp) are encoded by a family of highly conserved genes present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and range in size from 10 to 110 kDa, with the 70 kDa hsp (hsp70) being the most abundant and best-characterized members of this protein f ...
Escherichia coli Evolutionary-conserved and Essential*
... family (reviewed in Ref. 1). Oxa1 was found to mediate insertion and assembly of various proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane without being absolutely essential for this process. Substrates of Oxa1 include both nuclear and mitochondrially encoded IMPs, most notably subunits of respiratory ...
... family (reviewed in Ref. 1). Oxa1 was found to mediate insertion and assembly of various proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane without being absolutely essential for this process. Substrates of Oxa1 include both nuclear and mitochondrially encoded IMPs, most notably subunits of respiratory ...
Ap Biology Discussion Notes
... • Different kinds of opsin proteins embedded in the membrane of cone cells make each kind able to receive different information from the others. • Central Dogma of Molecular Biology: DNA RNA Protein Genes code for…. Proteins which lead to function!. ...
... • Different kinds of opsin proteins embedded in the membrane of cone cells make each kind able to receive different information from the others. • Central Dogma of Molecular Biology: DNA RNA Protein Genes code for…. Proteins which lead to function!. ...
Crossing borders to bind proteins—a new concept in protein
... molecules complexed to proteins and understanding of how they actually bind remains hypothetical. Only indirect evidence from NMR and CD spectroscopy exists in support of the expectation that the polypeptides form helices and fold into hairpin motifs in the bound state [15]. The small molecules or p ...
... molecules complexed to proteins and understanding of how they actually bind remains hypothetical. Only indirect evidence from NMR and CD spectroscopy exists in support of the expectation that the polypeptides form helices and fold into hairpin motifs in the bound state [15]. The small molecules or p ...
Subcellular Communication Through RNA Transport and Localized
... of these RNA elements has proven difficult because they Traffic 2010; 11: 1498–1505 ...
... of these RNA elements has proven difficult because they Traffic 2010; 11: 1498–1505 ...
chromatography - Bio-Rad
... different amounts of this support was also examined. The chromatograms obtained following separation on a 40 ml Affi-Gel Blue column coupled with either a 10 ml or 5 ml Affi-Gel protein A column, as plotted by BioLogic DuoFlow software, are shown in Figure 2. SDS-PAGE analysis of the peak-containing ...
... different amounts of this support was also examined. The chromatograms obtained following separation on a 40 ml Affi-Gel Blue column coupled with either a 10 ml or 5 ml Affi-Gel protein A column, as plotted by BioLogic DuoFlow software, are shown in Figure 2. SDS-PAGE analysis of the peak-containing ...
Human, yeast and hybrid 3-phosphoglycerate kinase gene
... and is therefore underloaded. Based on these results and other "Northerns" (not shown), we conclude that the hPGK mRNA produced by unit e is about 70 percent of that produced by unit c, quantisation done by removal of bands and scintillation counting. Therefore in contrast to other heterologous gene ...
... and is therefore underloaded. Based on these results and other "Northerns" (not shown), we conclude that the hPGK mRNA produced by unit e is about 70 percent of that produced by unit c, quantisation done by removal of bands and scintillation counting. Therefore in contrast to other heterologous gene ...
SMN1
... Mechanisms proposed to explain how reduced SMN levels cause SMA According to one hypothesis, reduced SMN levels result in reduced assembly of Sm proteins onto snRNA. This unevenly alters the levels of specific endogenous snRNPs, such as those used to splice minor introns (particularly U11) from pr ...
... Mechanisms proposed to explain how reduced SMN levels cause SMA According to one hypothesis, reduced SMN levels result in reduced assembly of Sm proteins onto snRNA. This unevenly alters the levels of specific endogenous snRNPs, such as those used to splice minor introns (particularly U11) from pr ...
Intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to stochasticity in gene expression
... comes about in two ways. The inherent stochasticity of biochemical processes such as transcription and translation generates ‘‘intrinsic’’ noise. In addition, fluctuations in the amounts or states of other cellular components lead indirectly to variation in the expression of a particular gene and th ...
... comes about in two ways. The inherent stochasticity of biochemical processes such as transcription and translation generates ‘‘intrinsic’’ noise. In addition, fluctuations in the amounts or states of other cellular components lead indirectly to variation in the expression of a particular gene and th ...
PDF Datastream - Brown Digital Repository
... localize to the OM or extracellular space, which accounted for ~77% of the total relative abundance in the OM fraction. In addition, biotinylation of bacterial surface-exposed proteins has been applied as an alternative approach to characterize bacterial membrane subproteome. Labeled proteins were p ...
... localize to the OM or extracellular space, which accounted for ~77% of the total relative abundance in the OM fraction. In addition, biotinylation of bacterial surface-exposed proteins has been applied as an alternative approach to characterize bacterial membrane subproteome. Labeled proteins were p ...
genome - Sift Desk
... Plants have evolved intricate mechanisms to adapt and respond to the constantly changing environment. Gene expression regulation at the transcriptional level by transcription factors is a key regulation step in all organisms. Data from the Arabidopsis genome project suggested that approximately 5% o ...
... Plants have evolved intricate mechanisms to adapt and respond to the constantly changing environment. Gene expression regulation at the transcriptional level by transcription factors is a key regulation step in all organisms. Data from the Arabidopsis genome project suggested that approximately 5% o ...
Full-Text PDF
... considerable algorithmic challenges, which gave rise to (often unnatural) constraints on these models, even for conceptually simple tasks such as the calculation of distance between two structures or the identification of UCEs. These constraints are now being addressed with fast and efficient soluti ...
... considerable algorithmic challenges, which gave rise to (often unnatural) constraints on these models, even for conceptually simple tasks such as the calculation of distance between two structures or the identification of UCEs. These constraints are now being addressed with fast and efficient soluti ...
How do bacterial cells ensure that metalloproteins get the correct
... copper-binding proteins known as metallochaperones. An interaction with a metallochaperone occurs in the handful of P1-type ATPases that are thought to be associated with copper import, and in these cases the metal-binding domain is presumed to pass metal to the metallochaperone26. For the exporters ...
... copper-binding proteins known as metallochaperones. An interaction with a metallochaperone occurs in the handful of P1-type ATPases that are thought to be associated with copper import, and in these cases the metal-binding domain is presumed to pass metal to the metallochaperone26. For the exporters ...
Cryptochrome 1 controls tomato development
... elongation, stem growth and internode elongation, leaf and cotyledon expansion, B-dependent gene expression, and anthocyanin accumulation (Ahmad and Cashmore, 1993; Ahmad and Cashmore, 1996; Fuglevand et al., 1996; Koornneef et al., 1980) and, in combination with CRY2, in first positive phototropism ...
... elongation, stem growth and internode elongation, leaf and cotyledon expansion, B-dependent gene expression, and anthocyanin accumulation (Ahmad and Cashmore, 1993; Ahmad and Cashmore, 1996; Fuglevand et al., 1996; Koornneef et al., 1980) and, in combination with CRY2, in first positive phototropism ...
Gene duplications in prokaryotes can be
... and the total number of proteins in that particular proteome, and is also known as the degree of duplication. The organism with highest paralog fraction in our analyses was Aster yellows witches-broom phytoplasma (strain AYWB) (12.12%), the organism with lowest paralog fraction (among the top 200 or ...
... and the total number of proteins in that particular proteome, and is also known as the degree of duplication. The organism with highest paralog fraction in our analyses was Aster yellows witches-broom phytoplasma (strain AYWB) (12.12%), the organism with lowest paralog fraction (among the top 200 or ...
HRP - WordPress.com
... an oxidoreductase. HRP has proved to be a robust enzyme that maintains activity over an extended time, making it quite suitable for study in an undergraduate teaching lab. The overall focus of this project is to isolate HRP using multiple protein purification techniques, such as gel filtration, ion ...
... an oxidoreductase. HRP has proved to be a robust enzyme that maintains activity over an extended time, making it quite suitable for study in an undergraduate teaching lab. The overall focus of this project is to isolate HRP using multiple protein purification techniques, such as gel filtration, ion ...
Boronophenyl analogs of phospholyrosines
... DNA regulatory elements. calcium. nucleotides. or lipid mediators. The discovery that Src homology 2 (SH2) domains provide phosphorylation-dependent and sequence speci?c contacts for assembly of receptor signaling com plexes has provided a breakthrough in understanding signal transduction (Cantley e ...
... DNA regulatory elements. calcium. nucleotides. or lipid mediators. The discovery that Src homology 2 (SH2) domains provide phosphorylation-dependent and sequence speci?c contacts for assembly of receptor signaling com plexes has provided a breakthrough in understanding signal transduction (Cantley e ...
Mitochondrial Proton Leak and the Uncoupling Proteins
... Fleury et al (1997) and Gimeno et al (1997) independently discovered and described an “uncoupling protein 2” (UCP2), a protein with a notably high (59%) amino acid identity to UCP1. An important feature of UCP2 was that it appeared to be expressed in nearly all cell types and could thus be a candida ...
... Fleury et al (1997) and Gimeno et al (1997) independently discovered and described an “uncoupling protein 2” (UCP2), a protein with a notably high (59%) amino acid identity to UCP1. An important feature of UCP2 was that it appeared to be expressed in nearly all cell types and could thus be a candida ...
Mitogen-activated protein kinases and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy
... mRNA levels. Activated MEKK1 has been shown to stimulate ANP reporter gene expression, while a dominant negative MEKK1 mutant inhibits PE induced ANP expression [13]. Promoter studies have further revealed that activated MEKK1 induces β-MHC, ANP and α-SkA expression in cultured neonatal ventricular ...
... mRNA levels. Activated MEKK1 has been shown to stimulate ANP reporter gene expression, while a dominant negative MEKK1 mutant inhibits PE induced ANP expression [13]. Promoter studies have further revealed that activated MEKK1 induces β-MHC, ANP and α-SkA expression in cultured neonatal ventricular ...
MB207_10 - MB207Jan2010
... ligand (signaling molecule e.g. hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters). - Binding of ligand is followed by specific chemical events in the inner surface of the membrane that often lead to changes in gene expression and cell function. 5) Membrane provide mechanism for cell-to-cell contact, adhe ...
... ligand (signaling molecule e.g. hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters). - Binding of ligand is followed by specific chemical events in the inner surface of the membrane that often lead to changes in gene expression and cell function. 5) Membrane provide mechanism for cell-to-cell contact, adhe ...
Knox, Kirstin : An Introduction To Motif Based Functional Classification of Large Protein Families
... protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). To illustrate some of the difficulties involved, consider the simplified example of a hypothetical family of multidomain proteins in which each family member has 14 domains. Seven of these domains are very large and encode transmembrane regions, two smaller domains ...
... protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). To illustrate some of the difficulties involved, consider the simplified example of a hypothetical family of multidomain proteins in which each family member has 14 domains. Seven of these domains are very large and encode transmembrane regions, two smaller domains ...
Protein moonlighting
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.