Pairwise sequence alignment - uni
... • Homology: Similarity attributed to descent from a common ancestor. • Orthologs: Homologous sequences in different species that arose from a common ancestral gene during speciation; may or may not be responsible for a similar function. • Paralogs: Homologous sequences within a single species ...
... • Homology: Similarity attributed to descent from a common ancestor. • Orthologs: Homologous sequences in different species that arose from a common ancestral gene during speciation; may or may not be responsible for a similar function. • Paralogs: Homologous sequences within a single species ...
Inhibition of Protein Kinases by Balanol: Specificity within the Serine
... exhibited specificity for PKA over PKC (e.g., 140-decarboxybalanol and 100-deoxybalanol) as a measure of structural diversity among the catalytic cores of the protein kinases. Interaction of Balanol with AGC Group. The inhibitory constant (Ki) of balanol toward the catalytic subunit of PKAa is 3.9 n ...
... exhibited specificity for PKA over PKC (e.g., 140-decarboxybalanol and 100-deoxybalanol) as a measure of structural diversity among the catalytic cores of the protein kinases. Interaction of Balanol with AGC Group. The inhibitory constant (Ki) of balanol toward the catalytic subunit of PKAa is 3.9 n ...
The Cytoskeleton of the Cardiac Muscle Cell
... he cytoskeleton of the cardiomyocyte has a special place among the subcellular biological structures, due to its complexity, its exceptional organisation, and to the multiple roles it plays. Cytoskeleton proteins and interactions among them are constantly being discovered. It has been demonstrated t ...
... he cytoskeleton of the cardiomyocyte has a special place among the subcellular biological structures, due to its complexity, its exceptional organisation, and to the multiple roles it plays. Cytoskeleton proteins and interactions among them are constantly being discovered. It has been demonstrated t ...
Chromatin Domain Boundaries: Defining the Functional Domains in
... Eukaryotic genome is packaged in the nucleus with the help of several proteins. While this packaging is needed to accommodate the large genome within the nuclear volume it also has functional consequences. It is well known that enhancers can act over a long distance to regulate expression of genes, ...
... Eukaryotic genome is packaged in the nucleus with the help of several proteins. While this packaging is needed to accommodate the large genome within the nuclear volume it also has functional consequences. It is well known that enhancers can act over a long distance to regulate expression of genes, ...
MBch13(2008)
... chromosome replication and cell division Introns late model: due to a transposome like mechanism Why have the introns been retained in (higher) eukaryotes?? The advantages of exon shuffling ...
... chromosome replication and cell division Introns late model: due to a transposome like mechanism Why have the introns been retained in (higher) eukaryotes?? The advantages of exon shuffling ...
General principles of cellular communication
... generally has many more genes encoding components of the seven developmental signalling pathways than does the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the latter has many more putative nuclear hormone receptors (Table 1). Not only have genes encoding signalling components been acquired during evolutio ...
... generally has many more genes encoding components of the seven developmental signalling pathways than does the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the latter has many more putative nuclear hormone receptors (Table 1). Not only have genes encoding signalling components been acquired during evolutio ...
The E-Class PPR Protein MEF3 of Arabidopsis
... locus connected with the lower mitochondrial editing on chromosome 1 of A. thaliana to a window of about 0.5 Mb. In this region, five PPR proteins are encoded, the most likely candidates for specific RNA editing factors. Three of these are P-type, one is an E+- and one an E-type PPR protein. Sequenc ...
... locus connected with the lower mitochondrial editing on chromosome 1 of A. thaliana to a window of about 0.5 Mb. In this region, five PPR proteins are encoded, the most likely candidates for specific RNA editing factors. Three of these are P-type, one is an E+- and one an E-type PPR protein. Sequenc ...
Chapter 17
... genetics in particular). Much of what we have done thus far is molecular biology – cell resp, photosyn, membrane transport, endomembrane system, central dogma, etc… Mendelian genetics is not because you never discuss the molecular level, but chromosomal genetics is. ...
... genetics in particular). Much of what we have done thus far is molecular biology – cell resp, photosyn, membrane transport, endomembrane system, central dogma, etc… Mendelian genetics is not because you never discuss the molecular level, but chromosomal genetics is. ...
ER Membrane Protein Complex Required for Nuclear
... Because it is the cytoplasmic faces of nuclear/ER membranes that must contact before fusion, the role that Kar2p plays in karyogamy is not understood. Furthermore, Kar2p is required for a number of basic functions in the cell: in addition to its role in nuclear fusion, Kar2p aids protein folding as ...
... Because it is the cytoplasmic faces of nuclear/ER membranes that must contact before fusion, the role that Kar2p plays in karyogamy is not understood. Furthermore, Kar2p is required for a number of basic functions in the cell: in addition to its role in nuclear fusion, Kar2p aids protein folding as ...
Effects of adenovirus delivered Flt
... The expression of genes encoding antioxidative and Phase II detoxification enzymes is induced in cells exposed to electrophilic compounds and phenolic antioxidants. Induction of these enzymes is regulated at the transcriptional level and is mediated by a specific enhancer, the antioxidant response e ...
... The expression of genes encoding antioxidative and Phase II detoxification enzymes is induced in cells exposed to electrophilic compounds and phenolic antioxidants. Induction of these enzymes is regulated at the transcriptional level and is mediated by a specific enhancer, the antioxidant response e ...
REFLECTIONS
... K-Ras. Even more disappointing, we found that when its farnesylation was blocked, K-Ras became an alternative substrate for another enzyme that we characterized, namely geranylgeranyltransferase (now known as GGTase I) (Ref. 41; see below). Realizing that it would be difficult to prevent all prenyla ...
... K-Ras. Even more disappointing, we found that when its farnesylation was blocked, K-Ras became an alternative substrate for another enzyme that we characterized, namely geranylgeranyltransferase (now known as GGTase I) (Ref. 41; see below). Realizing that it would be difficult to prevent all prenyla ...
Enzymes and their effect on amino acid nutrition
... variation in response which is governed by ingredients used, the presence of other enzymes and the age of the animal. Each is discussed briefly below. Recent work has shown significant improvements in amino acid digestibility when proteases are employed but the concomitant improvement in performanc ...
... variation in response which is governed by ingredients used, the presence of other enzymes and the age of the animal. Each is discussed briefly below. Recent work has shown significant improvements in amino acid digestibility when proteases are employed but the concomitant improvement in performanc ...
Molecular cloning, over-expression, developmental regulation and
... et al., 1995b) that was treated with the same restriction enzymes. The fragminP ATG codon represents the authentic start codon. A sample of the mixture was transformed into competent MC1061 λ cells, plated onto LB medium supplied with 50 µg/ml ampicillin and grown at 28°C. ...
... et al., 1995b) that was treated with the same restriction enzymes. The fragminP ATG codon represents the authentic start codon. A sample of the mixture was transformed into competent MC1061 λ cells, plated onto LB medium supplied with 50 µg/ml ampicillin and grown at 28°C. ...
Methods of screening for bioactive agents using cells transformed
... draWbacks. First, the presence of viral promoters at the 5‘ long terminal repeats (LTR) may result in mobiliZation or rescue of an integrated provirus by endogenous retroviruses or upon infection With retroviral vectors that express viral ...
... draWbacks. First, the presence of viral promoters at the 5‘ long terminal repeats (LTR) may result in mobiliZation or rescue of an integrated provirus by endogenous retroviruses or upon infection With retroviral vectors that express viral ...
The proPO and clotting system in crustaceans
... ester in the vertebrate complement molecule becomes highly active and it can react with the hydroxyl or amino group on biological surfaces, which leads to immobilization of this molecule to a foreign surface. Whether this mechanism occurs with invertebrate proPOs has to be further clarified. By comp ...
... ester in the vertebrate complement molecule becomes highly active and it can react with the hydroxyl or amino group on biological surfaces, which leads to immobilization of this molecule to a foreign surface. Whether this mechanism occurs with invertebrate proPOs has to be further clarified. By comp ...
Sequencing the World of Possibilities for Energy & Environment
... Groups (families/clusters) of proteins based on… Overall sequence similarity. Local sequence similarity. Presence / absence of specific features (active site, signal peptides… ...
... Groups (families/clusters) of proteins based on… Overall sequence similarity. Local sequence similarity. Presence / absence of specific features (active site, signal peptides… ...
1 Tuning of recombinant protein expression in Escherichia
... peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
... peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
Lysosomes and lysosomal disorders
... Frequently gangliosides GM3, GM2 or cholesterol ... although the protein machinery for their degradation or transport is intact Example: in some mucopolysaccharidoses (storage of polysaccharides) is in the brain present storage of glycolipids gangliosides GM2 a GM3 ...
... Frequently gangliosides GM3, GM2 or cholesterol ... although the protein machinery for their degradation or transport is intact Example: in some mucopolysaccharidoses (storage of polysaccharides) is in the brain present storage of glycolipids gangliosides GM2 a GM3 ...
Role of Streptococcus sanguinis sortase A in bacterial
... bacterium initiates aggregation by other oral bacteria and maturation of dental plaque. Additionally, S. sanguinis is frequently isolated from infective endocarditis patients. We investigated the functions of sortase A (SrtA), which cleaves LPXTG-containing proteins and anchors them to the bacterial ...
... bacterium initiates aggregation by other oral bacteria and maturation of dental plaque. Additionally, S. sanguinis is frequently isolated from infective endocarditis patients. We investigated the functions of sortase A (SrtA), which cleaves LPXTG-containing proteins and anchors them to the bacterial ...
Article
... NaDodSO4 gel analysis of protein present in a crude extract of DM1187 and in active fractions after three stages of purification. The purification selects a single predominant polypeptide, of molecular weight approximately 40,000. We argue below that this polypeptide is the product of the recA gene. ...
... NaDodSO4 gel analysis of protein present in a crude extract of DM1187 and in active fractions after three stages of purification. The purification selects a single predominant polypeptide, of molecular weight approximately 40,000. We argue below that this polypeptide is the product of the recA gene. ...
to the complete text
... Both oogenesis and spermatogenesis require precise partitioning of cytoplasm and genetic material, mediated in part by actin microfilaments. In the developing egg chamber, specialized F-actin-containing structures, termed ring canals, are crucial for dumping of nurse cell contents into the oocyte. S ...
... Both oogenesis and spermatogenesis require precise partitioning of cytoplasm and genetic material, mediated in part by actin microfilaments. In the developing egg chamber, specialized F-actin-containing structures, termed ring canals, are crucial for dumping of nurse cell contents into the oocyte. S ...
Autophagy in the Eukaryotic Cell - CiteSeerX
... cargo, organelle, or cytosol by a membrane. This process ends with the fusion of the extremities of the surrounding membrane, leading to the completion of a double-membrane vesicle, an autophagosome or a Cvt vesicle, depending on size and on nutritional conditions (Fig. 1). Several components are ne ...
... cargo, organelle, or cytosol by a membrane. This process ends with the fusion of the extremities of the surrounding membrane, leading to the completion of a double-membrane vesicle, an autophagosome or a Cvt vesicle, depending on size and on nutritional conditions (Fig. 1). Several components are ne ...
Virulence gene regulation in Salmonella enterica
... gastroenteritis is much higher (2). Salmonella infection follows ingestion of contaminated food, water or beverages and requires survival in the stomach and colonization of the small intestine. At this stage, the bacteria are seen to start multiplying and adhering to the intestinal mucosa. In the mo ...
... gastroenteritis is much higher (2). Salmonella infection follows ingestion of contaminated food, water or beverages and requires survival in the stomach and colonization of the small intestine. At this stage, the bacteria are seen to start multiplying and adhering to the intestinal mucosa. In the mo ...
20.15 Enhancers contain the same elements that are
... An authentic GAL4 protein can activate a target gene only if it has a UAS. The LexA repressor by itself of course lacks the ability to activate either sort of target. The LexA-GAL4 hybrid can no longer activate a gene with a UAS, but it can now activate a gene that has a LexA operator! This result f ...
... An authentic GAL4 protein can activate a target gene only if it has a UAS. The LexA repressor by itself of course lacks the ability to activate either sort of target. The LexA-GAL4 hybrid can no longer activate a gene with a UAS, but it can now activate a gene that has a LexA operator! This result f ...
Unveiling the Transcriptome using High
... • Two main mechanisms (1) differential gene expression ...
... • Two main mechanisms (1) differential gene expression ...
Protein moonlighting
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.