Cellular Disulfide Bond Formation in Bioactive Peptides and
... enzyme and a redox cofactor [9]. Interestingly, while these enzymes have very low homology, their functional motifs differ only marginally [10]. A minimum assembly requires C–(X)n–C (where ...
... enzyme and a redox cofactor [9]. Interestingly, while these enzymes have very low homology, their functional motifs differ only marginally [10]. A minimum assembly requires C–(X)n–C (where ...
PLoS Pathogens
... consisting of three key amino acid residues (histidine, glutamic acid, and cysteine), which is identical to that of clan-CE (C55family) cysteine proteases [10]. However, several members of the YopJ effector family have been shown to possess acetyltransferase activity. YopJ and VopA modify their targ ...
... consisting of three key amino acid residues (histidine, glutamic acid, and cysteine), which is identical to that of clan-CE (C55family) cysteine proteases [10]. However, several members of the YopJ effector family have been shown to possess acetyltransferase activity. YopJ and VopA modify their targ ...
ESCRT requirements for EIAV budding | SpringerLink
... One challenge in dissecting how the ESCRT pathway functions in retrovirus budding is that mammalian cells express a large number of isoforms of the different classes of ESCRT factors, including at least 12 distinct subunits of the ESCRT-III family. Adding to this complexity is the fact that the Gag ...
... One challenge in dissecting how the ESCRT pathway functions in retrovirus budding is that mammalian cells express a large number of isoforms of the different classes of ESCRT factors, including at least 12 distinct subunits of the ESCRT-III family. Adding to this complexity is the fact that the Gag ...
Deciphering unusual uncultured magnetotactic multicellular
... similarity value percentages used to analyze biomineralization genes on a previous study (1e 05 E-value, 22% coverage and 50% similarity; Abreu et al., 2011). Ca. M. multicellularis and Desulfovibrio magneticus, both of which belong to the Deltaproteobacteria group, have 938 genes that cluster. Am ...
... similarity value percentages used to analyze biomineralization genes on a previous study (1e 05 E-value, 22% coverage and 50% similarity; Abreu et al., 2011). Ca. M. multicellularis and Desulfovibrio magneticus, both of which belong to the Deltaproteobacteria group, have 938 genes that cluster. Am ...
The distribution of SMN protein complex in human fetal tissues and
... immunoblot analyses showing that normal SMN protein expression undergoes a marked decay in the postnatal period compared with fetal development. Morphological and immunohistochemical analyses of the SMN protein in human fetal tissues showed a general distribution in the cytoplasm, except in muscle c ...
... immunoblot analyses showing that normal SMN protein expression undergoes a marked decay in the postnatal period compared with fetal development. Morphological and immunohistochemical analyses of the SMN protein in human fetal tissues showed a general distribution in the cytoplasm, except in muscle c ...
Manuscript - CSIRO Research Publications Repository
... structures, and manipulation of host cell death during the hemibiotrophic lifestyle. Sedentary nematode pathogens of plants form prolonged associations with roots in which they induce the formation of novel host structures such as multinucleate giant cells, from which they feed using a specialised p ...
... structures, and manipulation of host cell death during the hemibiotrophic lifestyle. Sedentary nematode pathogens of plants form prolonged associations with roots in which they induce the formation of novel host structures such as multinucleate giant cells, from which they feed using a specialised p ...
Structure-activity Relationships in Flexible Protein Domains
... be established. Overall, when exogenously introduced into cells the GDIs behave as negative regulators by maintaining rho GTPases as inactive cytosolic forms which are unable to effectively interact with GEFs and/or downstream target molecules. However, in some situations, for example, ezrin/radixin ...
... be established. Overall, when exogenously introduced into cells the GDIs behave as negative regulators by maintaining rho GTPases as inactive cytosolic forms which are unable to effectively interact with GEFs and/or downstream target molecules. However, in some situations, for example, ezrin/radixin ...
Truncated Photosystem Chlorophyll Antenna Size in the Green
... analyses showed that the tla3 strain was deficient in the Chl a/b light-harvesting complex. Molecular and genetic analyses revealed a single plasmid insertion in chromosome 4 of the tla3 nuclear genome, causing deletion of predicted gene g5047 and plasmid insertion within the fourth intron of downstr ...
... analyses showed that the tla3 strain was deficient in the Chl a/b light-harvesting complex. Molecular and genetic analyses revealed a single plasmid insertion in chromosome 4 of the tla3 nuclear genome, causing deletion of predicted gene g5047 and plasmid insertion within the fourth intron of downstr ...
A 29 kDa Intracellular Chloride Channel p64H1 Is Associated with
... has been found on several types of vesicles. These channels, acting in concert with the electrogenic proton pump, regulate the pH of the vesicle interior, which is critical for vesicular function. Here we describe the molecular cloning of p64H1, a p64 homolog, from both human and cow. Northern blot ...
... has been found on several types of vesicles. These channels, acting in concert with the electrogenic proton pump, regulate the pH of the vesicle interior, which is critical for vesicular function. Here we describe the molecular cloning of p64H1, a p64 homolog, from both human and cow. Northern blot ...
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC)
... 1. Introduction Many cellular functions are realized through a complex network of protein interactions. Especially processing of external stimuli involves many different proteins that mediate the propagation of the signal within the cell. Extracellular ligands bind to integral membrane receptors whi ...
... 1. Introduction Many cellular functions are realized through a complex network of protein interactions. Especially processing of external stimuli involves many different proteins that mediate the propagation of the signal within the cell. Extracellular ligands bind to integral membrane receptors whi ...
Interaction of cycloheximide with 25S ribosomal RNA from yeast
... sulphate or by kethoxal. The sites of chemical modification and the drug protection site(s) are detected by isolating the ribosomal RNA and carrying out primer extension using suitable DNA oligomers that prime the action of the enzyme reverse transcriptase. After the above experiments had been carri ...
... sulphate or by kethoxal. The sites of chemical modification and the drug protection site(s) are detected by isolating the ribosomal RNA and carrying out primer extension using suitable DNA oligomers that prime the action of the enzyme reverse transcriptase. After the above experiments had been carri ...
Review on Dengue viral Replication, assembly and entry into the
... serotypes 1–4). It is also a bifunctional enzyme with a methyltransferase domain (MTase; residues 1–296) at its N-terminal end and a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp; residues 320–900) at its C-terminal end. The structure of the MTase domain was previously solved for DENV [50] and recently solved ...
... serotypes 1–4). It is also a bifunctional enzyme with a methyltransferase domain (MTase; residues 1–296) at its N-terminal end and a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp; residues 320–900) at its C-terminal end. The structure of the MTase domain was previously solved for DENV [50] and recently solved ...
continued
... – Transcription of a gene produces a very long RNA strand that contains introns and exons – This long strand, which extends beyond the first and last exons, is often called precursor mRNA, or premRNA – More nucleotides are added at the beginning and end of the pre-mRNA molecule, forming a “cap” and ...
... – Transcription of a gene produces a very long RNA strand that contains introns and exons – This long strand, which extends beyond the first and last exons, is often called precursor mRNA, or premRNA – More nucleotides are added at the beginning and end of the pre-mRNA molecule, forming a “cap” and ...
Identification and characterization of the Plasmodium vivax
... Knowledge on P. vivax has been considerably delayed compared to P. falciparum due to its tropism for reticulocytes, which account for less than 1% of the total circulating red blood cell (RBC) count and, therefore, makes it difficult to maintain an in vitro culture of this species [4]. However, the ...
... Knowledge on P. vivax has been considerably delayed compared to P. falciparum due to its tropism for reticulocytes, which account for less than 1% of the total circulating red blood cell (RBC) count and, therefore, makes it difficult to maintain an in vitro culture of this species [4]. However, the ...
the peroxisomal endomembrane system and the role of the ER
... large pleomorphic structures reminiscent of the mammalian peroxisomal reticulum (Mullen et al., 2006) and are engaged in ER-destined retrograde vesicular flow (Fig. 1). Evidence for this latter conclusion comes from observations that when the tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) replication protein p33 i ...
... large pleomorphic structures reminiscent of the mammalian peroxisomal reticulum (Mullen et al., 2006) and are engaged in ER-destined retrograde vesicular flow (Fig. 1). Evidence for this latter conclusion comes from observations that when the tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) replication protein p33 i ...
The Caenorhabditis elegans mRNA 5`
... short period of time at 0 C (lane 7). Therefore, the C. elegans capping enzyme appears to be a single protein of approximately 70 kDa. Identification of an extended C. elegans capping enzyme open reading frame – Previously, we (3) and others (28) found that the predicted gene C03D6 (GenBank accessio ...
... short period of time at 0 C (lane 7). Therefore, the C. elegans capping enzyme appears to be a single protein of approximately 70 kDa. Identification of an extended C. elegans capping enzyme open reading frame – Previously, we (3) and others (28) found that the predicted gene C03D6 (GenBank accessio ...
Tutorial - Ensembl
... An Ensembl gene may have multiple transcripts reflecting alternative splicing, in this case the EPO gene only shows one transcript in Ensembl. ...
... An Ensembl gene may have multiple transcripts reflecting alternative splicing, in this case the EPO gene only shows one transcript in Ensembl. ...
NO 3
... 2. NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA (Rhizobium) found in the roots of some plants (leguminous). The rhizobium use an enzyme called nitrogenase which converts N2 gas into ammonium ions NH4+. They can only do this if they have 1). a supply of N2, 2). A supply of ATP 3).anaerobic conditions (no oxygen). 3. Fix ...
... 2. NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA (Rhizobium) found in the roots of some plants (leguminous). The rhizobium use an enzyme called nitrogenase which converts N2 gas into ammonium ions NH4+. They can only do this if they have 1). a supply of N2, 2). A supply of ATP 3).anaerobic conditions (no oxygen). 3. Fix ...
Energetics of protein–DNA interactions
... Protein–DNA interactions are vital for many processes in living cells, especially transcriptional regulation and DNA modification. To further our understanding of these important processes on the microscopic level, it is necessary that theoretical models describe the macromolecular interaction energ ...
... Protein–DNA interactions are vital for many processes in living cells, especially transcriptional regulation and DNA modification. To further our understanding of these important processes on the microscopic level, it is necessary that theoretical models describe the macromolecular interaction energ ...
ENZYMES
... Fit between substrate and active site of enzyme is exact Temporary structure called enzyme-substrate complex forms Products have a different shape from the substrate Once formed, they are released from the active site Enzyme is free to act on another substrate ...
... Fit between substrate and active site of enzyme is exact Temporary structure called enzyme-substrate complex forms Products have a different shape from the substrate Once formed, they are released from the active site Enzyme is free to act on another substrate ...
The role of duplications in the evolution of genomes highlights the
... The best-described mechanism causing segmental duplications from a few base pairs to several thousand kilobases is unequal crossing-over [3,4]. One of the most famous examples of large segmental duplication is the primate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) [5]. Other mechanisms that generate seg ...
... The best-described mechanism causing segmental duplications from a few base pairs to several thousand kilobases is unequal crossing-over [3,4]. One of the most famous examples of large segmental duplication is the primate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) [5]. Other mechanisms that generate seg ...
Enzyme
... A denatured protein does not normally return to its former structure – the denaturation is permanent. Soluble proteins often become insoluble and form a precipitate. Remember this slide? Enzymes are proteins and denaturation is a key to how enzyme activity is affected by temperature and pH Extremes ...
... A denatured protein does not normally return to its former structure – the denaturation is permanent. Soluble proteins often become insoluble and form a precipitate. Remember this slide? Enzymes are proteins and denaturation is a key to how enzyme activity is affected by temperature and pH Extremes ...
A protein kinase target of a PDK1 signalling pathway is involved in
... The hydrophobic PIF domain of AGC2-1 is required both for AtPDK1 binding and for full activity Next, we investigated whether interaction of AGC2-1 with AtPDK1 requires its hydrophobic PIF domain in vivo and how this interaction affects the enzyme activity of AGC2-1. For this, we cotransfected a Myc- ...
... The hydrophobic PIF domain of AGC2-1 is required both for AtPDK1 binding and for full activity Next, we investigated whether interaction of AGC2-1 with AtPDK1 requires its hydrophobic PIF domain in vivo and how this interaction affects the enzyme activity of AGC2-1. For this, we cotransfected a Myc- ...
Two dileucine motifs mediate late endosomal/lysosomal targeting of
... composition and functional protein networks in the lysosomal membrane is still fragmented [4,5]. Over the last few years proteomic approaches have addressed these questions and allowed the discovery of several novel lysosomal membrane proteins. Nevertheless a gap is still evident between the charact ...
... composition and functional protein networks in the lysosomal membrane is still fragmented [4,5]. Over the last few years proteomic approaches have addressed these questions and allowed the discovery of several novel lysosomal membrane proteins. Nevertheless a gap is still evident between the charact ...
CATARACT Michael E Bernays BVSc (Hons) FACVSc Veterinary
... cataracts are seen in man but have not been suspected in dogs. There are a number of well known genetic cataracts in laboratory animals such as rats where the outcome of breeding specific individuals together is highly predictable. Many cataracts in different pure breed dogs are suspected to have a ...
... cataracts are seen in man but have not been suspected in dogs. There are a number of well known genetic cataracts in laboratory animals such as rats where the outcome of breeding specific individuals together is highly predictable. Many cataracts in different pure breed dogs are suspected to have a ...
Protein moonlighting
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.