The Pseudomonas syringae HrpJ protein controls the secretion of
... fractions. Interestingly, the two additional putative translocator proteins, the HopAK1 harpin and HrpK1, were not detectable in the supernatant fraction of the mutant indicating that HrpJ is required for their secretion (Fig. 1B). The HopP1 harpin was secreted by the hrpJ mutant (Fig. 1B) indicatin ...
... fractions. Interestingly, the two additional putative translocator proteins, the HopAK1 harpin and HrpK1, were not detectable in the supernatant fraction of the mutant indicating that HrpJ is required for their secretion (Fig. 1B). The HopP1 harpin was secreted by the hrpJ mutant (Fig. 1B) indicatin ...
Organelle division: From coli to chloroplasts
... bacterial-like systems. The components of the mitochondrial division system are unknown, but they might be related to some other process characteristic of eukaryotic cells, such as vesicle budding. Another example of where chloroplasts are more ‘bacteria-like’ than mitochondria involves protein tran ...
... bacterial-like systems. The components of the mitochondrial division system are unknown, but they might be related to some other process characteristic of eukaryotic cells, such as vesicle budding. Another example of where chloroplasts are more ‘bacteria-like’ than mitochondria involves protein tran ...
Ensembl Introduction
... • Pilot project completed in 2007: 1% of human genome • Discovered promoter elements are on either side of the transcription start site ...
... • Pilot project completed in 2007: 1% of human genome • Discovered promoter elements are on either side of the transcription start site ...
The FluidMosaic Model of the Structure of Cell Membranes
... of the bilayer, thereby maximizing hydrophilic interactions. In the case of zwitterionic phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine, dipole-dipole interactions between ion pairs at the surface of the bilayer may also contribute to the stabilization of the bilayer structure. In applying these -thermod ...
... of the bilayer, thereby maximizing hydrophilic interactions. In the case of zwitterionic phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine, dipole-dipole interactions between ion pairs at the surface of the bilayer may also contribute to the stabilization of the bilayer structure. In applying these -thermod ...
1. The BCL-2 Family Reunion.
... homologs do not appear to control cell death, and their functions remain obscure (reviewed in Mollereau, 2009). For these reasons, our discussion focuses on vertebrate BCL-2 family function. A Family Portrait BCL-2 and its relatives are functionally classified as either antiapoptotic or proapoptotic ...
... homologs do not appear to control cell death, and their functions remain obscure (reviewed in Mollereau, 2009). For these reasons, our discussion focuses on vertebrate BCL-2 family function. A Family Portrait BCL-2 and its relatives are functionally classified as either antiapoptotic or proapoptotic ...
MAPK Review
... As noted above, mammalian signaling has similar complexities, suggested by the many observations showing that individual MAP3Ks can regulate multiple MAPK cascades. Nevertheless, no obvious Ste5 homolog has been identified in mammals. The scaffolding work is likely to be distributed among several di ...
... As noted above, mammalian signaling has similar complexities, suggested by the many observations showing that individual MAP3Ks can regulate multiple MAPK cascades. Nevertheless, no obvious Ste5 homolog has been identified in mammals. The scaffolding work is likely to be distributed among several di ...
Biocurator_Training_3
... • I searched UniProt for “allergen” and found the dust mite protein, Der p 1. • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3335830 –Sequence Analysis of cDNA coding for a major house dust ...
... • I searched UniProt for “allergen” and found the dust mite protein, Der p 1. • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3335830 –Sequence Analysis of cDNA coding for a major house dust ...
Antibiotics involved in Clostridium difficile
... genes encoding known, or putative, colonization factors: three adhesins, P47 (one of the two Slayer proteins), Cwp66 and Fbp68, and a protease, Cwp84. The conditions studied included hyperosmolarity, iron depletion and exposure to several antibiotics (ampicillin, clindamycin, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin ...
... genes encoding known, or putative, colonization factors: three adhesins, P47 (one of the two Slayer proteins), Cwp66 and Fbp68, and a protease, Cwp84. The conditions studied included hyperosmolarity, iron depletion and exposure to several antibiotics (ampicillin, clindamycin, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin ...
Regulation of the C. elegans molt by pqn-47
... The gene mlt-10 was identified in a genetic screen for molting defective mutants. The mlt-10 promoter is activated early in the molting program and tracks with the transcription of genes involved in the synthesis of new cuticles (Frand et al., 2005; Meli et al., 2010). The expression of a mlt-10p::gf ...
... The gene mlt-10 was identified in a genetic screen for molting defective mutants. The mlt-10 promoter is activated early in the molting program and tracks with the transcription of genes involved in the synthesis of new cuticles (Frand et al., 2005; Meli et al., 2010). The expression of a mlt-10p::gf ...
Biogenesis, Turnover, and Mode of Action of Plant
... MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of 20- to 24-nucleotide endogenous small RNAs that repress gene expression. In plants, miRNAs control the expression of genes encoding transcription factors, stress response proteins, and other proteins that impact the development, growth, and physiology of plants. The ...
... MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of 20- to 24-nucleotide endogenous small RNAs that repress gene expression. In plants, miRNAs control the expression of genes encoding transcription factors, stress response proteins, and other proteins that impact the development, growth, and physiology of plants. The ...
INTEINS: Structure, Function, and Evolution
... Among other data it lists the inteins’ sequences, conserved motifs, host organisms, and host proteins. More than 130 inteins are known in 34 different types of proteins (68, 76, 77). The inteins are between 134 and 608 amino acids long, and they are found in members of all three domains of life: Euk ...
... Among other data it lists the inteins’ sequences, conserved motifs, host organisms, and host proteins. More than 130 inteins are known in 34 different types of proteins (68, 76, 77). The inteins are between 134 and 608 amino acids long, and they are found in members of all three domains of life: Euk ...
Protein Purification by Inverse Transition Cycling
... (Tt), the polypeptides are highly soluble in aqueous solutions. However, when the temperature is raised above Tt, the hydrated polypeptide chains hydrophobically collapse and aggregate, forming a separate, ELP-rich phase. The Tt of an ELP can be conveniently controlled at several different levels. F ...
... (Tt), the polypeptides are highly soluble in aqueous solutions. However, when the temperature is raised above Tt, the hydrated polypeptide chains hydrophobically collapse and aggregate, forming a separate, ELP-rich phase. The Tt of an ELP can be conveniently controlled at several different levels. F ...
Functions of the Arabidopsis kinesin superfamily of microtubule
... 7 members that work to capture spindle microtubules at kinetochore sites. Therefore, shared membership within a particular kinesin clade does not necessarily mean that the plant and animal kinesins perform similar functions. Genome analysis indicates that the microtubule-based motor protein dynein ...
... 7 members that work to capture spindle microtubules at kinetochore sites. Therefore, shared membership within a particular kinesin clade does not necessarily mean that the plant and animal kinesins perform similar functions. Genome analysis indicates that the microtubule-based motor protein dynein ...
Document
... wounding, UV irradiation, exposure to heavy metals, low temperatures, and low levels of nitrogen, phosphate, or ions (Dixon and Paiva, 1995; Weisshaar and Jenkins, 1998). The on and off, up and down activity of PAL in developmental processes and in stress responses mirrors its sophisticated regulato ...
... wounding, UV irradiation, exposure to heavy metals, low temperatures, and low levels of nitrogen, phosphate, or ions (Dixon and Paiva, 1995; Weisshaar and Jenkins, 1998). The on and off, up and down activity of PAL in developmental processes and in stress responses mirrors its sophisticated regulato ...
The Sad1-UNC-84 homology domain in Mps3 interacts with Mps2 to
... three primary layers called the outer, inner, and central plaques. Cytoplasmic and nuclear microtubules are nucleated from the outer and inner plaques, respectively, whereas the central layer of the SPB plays an important role in tethering the organelle to the nuclear envelope. Associated with one s ...
... three primary layers called the outer, inner, and central plaques. Cytoplasmic and nuclear microtubules are nucleated from the outer and inner plaques, respectively, whereas the central layer of the SPB plays an important role in tethering the organelle to the nuclear envelope. Associated with one s ...
Structural studies on lysosomal proteins
... In each of the three domains of life, bacteria, archaea and eukaryota, the cell is the basic unit of life. Eukaryotic cells are distinct in that in all of them, different cellular functions are arranged to distinct compartments called cell organelles. In multicellular organisms, the diversity of cel ...
... In each of the three domains of life, bacteria, archaea and eukaryota, the cell is the basic unit of life. Eukaryotic cells are distinct in that in all of them, different cellular functions are arranged to distinct compartments called cell organelles. In multicellular organisms, the diversity of cel ...
Protein Creation Pathway
... traveling along the rough ER while making proteins. Proteins are used in a wide variety of cell activities, such as growing hair, carrying oxygen, and digesting foods. Many proteins are created by one cell, but needed by another. Therefore many proteins need to be exported. That’s the job of the Gol ...
... traveling along the rough ER while making proteins. Proteins are used in a wide variety of cell activities, such as growing hair, carrying oxygen, and digesting foods. Many proteins are created by one cell, but needed by another. Therefore many proteins need to be exported. That’s the job of the Gol ...
Functional Analysis of Subunit e of the F1Fo
... sion of the proteins was achieved by cloning the DNA fragments that encode the proteins into a yeast integration vector, Yip351, which contained a galactose-inducible promoter. The resulting plasmids were linearized and then integrated into the leu2 locus of the su e null yeast mutant, ⌬su e. The Su ...
... sion of the proteins was achieved by cloning the DNA fragments that encode the proteins into a yeast integration vector, Yip351, which contained a galactose-inducible promoter. The resulting plasmids were linearized and then integrated into the leu2 locus of the su e null yeast mutant, ⌬su e. The Su ...
Biological systems of the host cell involved in Agrobacterium infection
... biotechnology. The transformation results from the production of a single-stranded copy (T-strand) of transferred DNA (T-DNA) molecule by the bacterial virulence machinery, its transfer into the host cell followed by integration into the host genome (for recent reviews, see Gelvin, 2003; McCullen an ...
... biotechnology. The transformation results from the production of a single-stranded copy (T-strand) of transferred DNA (T-DNA) molecule by the bacterial virulence machinery, its transfer into the host cell followed by integration into the host genome (for recent reviews, see Gelvin, 2003; McCullen an ...
Restriction Enzymes Brochure
... degradation that occurs under suboptimal reaction conditions. When used with an incompatible buffer or at a high enzyme concentration, offtarget and degenerate products can be formed. HF enzymes have been engineered for reduced star activity, increasing accuracy and avoiding unwanted cleavage. ...
... degradation that occurs under suboptimal reaction conditions. When used with an incompatible buffer or at a high enzyme concentration, offtarget and degenerate products can be formed. HF enzymes have been engineered for reduced star activity, increasing accuracy and avoiding unwanted cleavage. ...
Transcript - UAB School of Optometry
... a. Amino acids form Schiff bases which play a very important role in biology, and side chains have unique reactions. XIV. SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES [S44] a. Aromatic amino acids absorb UV light at a maximum around 280 nm. i. Can use this to detect proteins, so when purifying proteins or when looking ...
... a. Amino acids form Schiff bases which play a very important role in biology, and side chains have unique reactions. XIV. SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES [S44] a. Aromatic amino acids absorb UV light at a maximum around 280 nm. i. Can use this to detect proteins, so when purifying proteins or when looking ...
Efficiency and Diversity of Protein Localization by Random Signal Sequences.
... during the process of secretion. A large body of biochemical and genetic data indicates that the signal peptide is the primary determinant for segregation of proteins into the secretory pathway (5, 8, 11, 20, 32). Two complementary genetic approaches have been used to identify the elements within si ...
... during the process of secretion. A large body of biochemical and genetic data indicates that the signal peptide is the primary determinant for segregation of proteins into the secretory pathway (5, 8, 11, 20, 32). Two complementary genetic approaches have been used to identify the elements within si ...
tr-kit promotes the formation of a multimolecular complex composed
... We have recently demonstrated that tr-kit activates the soluble tyrosine kinase Fyn and causes a strong stimulation in tyrosine phosphorylation of PLCg1 and of a protein of approximately 70 kDa that co-immunoprecipitates with PLCg1 (Sette et al., 2002). Since Sam68 is a substrate for Src-like kinase ...
... We have recently demonstrated that tr-kit activates the soluble tyrosine kinase Fyn and causes a strong stimulation in tyrosine phosphorylation of PLCg1 and of a protein of approximately 70 kDa that co-immunoprecipitates with PLCg1 (Sette et al., 2002). Since Sam68 is a substrate for Src-like kinase ...
O A RIGINAL RTICLE
... Bacterial enzymes are the ones that are having wide variety of industrial applications. Among these enzymes, a-amylase having high demand in industries such as pharmaceuticals, textiles, food processing etc; So, in this study we have identified novel Bacillus cereus MS6 bacteria, which can produces ...
... Bacterial enzymes are the ones that are having wide variety of industrial applications. Among these enzymes, a-amylase having high demand in industries such as pharmaceuticals, textiles, food processing etc; So, in this study we have identified novel Bacillus cereus MS6 bacteria, which can produces ...
The SR Protein SRp38 Represses Splicing in M Phase Cells
... Among those uncovered was a protein with strong sequence similarity to SR proteins. Two forms of this protein, likely arising from alternative splicing, were recovered. Strengthening the similarity with SR proteins, the RBD showed the highest homology with that of the classical SR protein SC35 (46% ...
... Among those uncovered was a protein with strong sequence similarity to SR proteins. Two forms of this protein, likely arising from alternative splicing, were recovered. Strengthening the similarity with SR proteins, the RBD showed the highest homology with that of the classical SR protein SC35 (46% ...
Protein moonlighting
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.