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Drosophila rhino Encodes a Female-Specific Chromo
... levels of gurken (grk), oskar (osk), bicoid (bcd), and decapentaplegic (dpp) transcripts are normal, with a slight delay in the appearance of bcd and dpp mRNAs. Mislocalization of grk and osk transcripts, however, suggests a defect in the microtubule reorganization that occurs during the middle stag ...
... levels of gurken (grk), oskar (osk), bicoid (bcd), and decapentaplegic (dpp) transcripts are normal, with a slight delay in the appearance of bcd and dpp mRNAs. Mislocalization of grk and osk transcripts, however, suggests a defect in the microtubule reorganization that occurs during the middle stag ...
Non-coding RNAs - Biology Department | UNC Chapel Hill
... emerged as key trans-acting regulators of diverse cellular activities in all three domains of life3–7 (TABLE 1). Among the known activities of ncRNAs are: endonucleolytic RNA cleavage and ligation, site-specific RNA modification, DNA methylation, DNA (telomere) synthesis and modulation of protein fu ...
... emerged as key trans-acting regulators of diverse cellular activities in all three domains of life3–7 (TABLE 1). Among the known activities of ncRNAs are: endonucleolytic RNA cleavage and ligation, site-specific RNA modification, DNA methylation, DNA (telomere) synthesis and modulation of protein fu ...
Resonance-assignement-Structure-constraints
... The receiver coil picks up the signal from the sample. An analog-to-digital converter “reads” the voltage and sends it to the computer for data storage. ...
... The receiver coil picks up the signal from the sample. An analog-to-digital converter “reads” the voltage and sends it to the computer for data storage. ...
Budding Yeast for Budding Geneticists: A Primer on the
... the strains of S. cerevisiae used in modern baking, brewing, fermenting, and wine-making have been carefully cultured, selected, and purified by these respective industries; each strain has its own particular characteristics and they are not interchangeable (Mortimer 2000). However, a few wineries co ...
... the strains of S. cerevisiae used in modern baking, brewing, fermenting, and wine-making have been carefully cultured, selected, and purified by these respective industries; each strain has its own particular characteristics and they are not interchangeable (Mortimer 2000). However, a few wineries co ...
Tools Enabling Metabolic Parents LEarning
... Chromosomes, genes, mutations Humans have chromosomes composed of DNA. Genes are pieces of DNA that carry the genetic instruction. Each chromosome may have several thousand genes. The word mutation means a change or error in the genetic instruction. We inherit particular chromosomes from the egg of ...
... Chromosomes, genes, mutations Humans have chromosomes composed of DNA. Genes are pieces of DNA that carry the genetic instruction. Each chromosome may have several thousand genes. The word mutation means a change or error in the genetic instruction. We inherit particular chromosomes from the egg of ...
p53 regulation and function in normal cells and tumors
... and chemical carcinogens. Mechanisms to protect the integrity of inherited genetic information from the consequences of such exposure include the pathway of the tumor suppressor p53 protein, a guardian of the genome. p53 is a DNA binding protein; attention has focused on its specific binding to a co ...
... and chemical carcinogens. Mechanisms to protect the integrity of inherited genetic information from the consequences of such exposure include the pathway of the tumor suppressor p53 protein, a guardian of the genome. p53 is a DNA binding protein; attention has focused on its specific binding to a co ...
Leukaemia Section t(7;12)(q34;p13), t(12;14)(p13;q11) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
... interphasic nuclei from a patient with t(7;12)(q34;p13) using CCND2 flanking probes at 12p13. The centromeric BAC clone RP11-388F6 (red) and the telomeric BAC clone RP11-320N7 (green) show one fusion signal at the normal chromosome 12, and dissociated signals at der(12) (red signal) and der(7) ...
... interphasic nuclei from a patient with t(7;12)(q34;p13) using CCND2 flanking probes at 12p13. The centromeric BAC clone RP11-388F6 (red) and the telomeric BAC clone RP11-320N7 (green) show one fusion signal at the normal chromosome 12, and dissociated signals at der(12) (red signal) and der(7) ...
Insights into Protein–DNA Interactions through Structure
... Protein–DNA interactions are crucial for many cellular processes. Now with the increased availability of structures of protein–DNA complexes, gaining deeper insights into the nature of protein–DNA interactions has become possible. Earlier, investigations have characterized the interface properties b ...
... Protein–DNA interactions are crucial for many cellular processes. Now with the increased availability of structures of protein–DNA complexes, gaining deeper insights into the nature of protein–DNA interactions has become possible. Earlier, investigations have characterized the interface properties b ...
Chapter Fifteen: The Genetic Code and Translation
... reveal and what were the advantages and disadvantages of each? Marshall Nirenberg and Johann Heinrich Matthaei used the enzyme polynucleotide kinase to create homopolymers of synthetic RNAs. Using a cell-free protein synthesizing system they were able to determine the amino acid coded by each homopo ...
... reveal and what were the advantages and disadvantages of each? Marshall Nirenberg and Johann Heinrich Matthaei used the enzyme polynucleotide kinase to create homopolymers of synthetic RNAs. Using a cell-free protein synthesizing system they were able to determine the amino acid coded by each homopo ...
ENS’06 FUSION PHAGE AS A BIOSELECTIVE NANOMATERIAL: EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT
... anti-cancer drugs has been proven over the past decade both in pharmaceutical research and clinical setting. Examples of a successful realization of this concept are listed in numerous reviews, for example [34-37]. In particular, it is commonly accepted that selectivity of drug delivery systems can ...
... anti-cancer drugs has been proven over the past decade both in pharmaceutical research and clinical setting. Examples of a successful realization of this concept are listed in numerous reviews, for example [34-37]. In particular, it is commonly accepted that selectivity of drug delivery systems can ...
The evolutionary and ecological role of heat shock proteins
... cope with stress of both an internal and external nature. Here, we review the recent evidence of the relationship between stress resistance and inducible Hsp expression, including a characterization of factors that induce the heat shock response and a discussion of the associated costs. We report on ...
... cope with stress of both an internal and external nature. Here, we review the recent evidence of the relationship between stress resistance and inducible Hsp expression, including a characterization of factors that induce the heat shock response and a discussion of the associated costs. We report on ...
Our detailed procedure to develop recombinant antibodies
... Biotinylated GST fusion proteins for selection of recombinant antibodies In order to isolate antibodies recognizing the C-terminus of the Dictyostelium Rh50 protein (Benghezal et al., 2001), we expressed a GST-Rh50 protein in bacteria, purified and biotinylated it, and immobilized it either on gluta ...
... Biotinylated GST fusion proteins for selection of recombinant antibodies In order to isolate antibodies recognizing the C-terminus of the Dictyostelium Rh50 protein (Benghezal et al., 2001), we expressed a GST-Rh50 protein in bacteria, purified and biotinylated it, and immobilized it either on gluta ...
Guanine Nucleotides Modulate the Effects of Brefeldin A in
... (Donaldson et al., 1990). The ll0-kD protein also redistributed to the cytosol, in a manner indistinguishable from BFA-treated cells, when cellular ATP levels were depleted by treatment with sodium azide and 2-deoxyglucose (Donaldson et al., 1990). The ability of ATP levels to regulate the distribut ...
... (Donaldson et al., 1990). The ll0-kD protein also redistributed to the cytosol, in a manner indistinguishable from BFA-treated cells, when cellular ATP levels were depleted by treatment with sodium azide and 2-deoxyglucose (Donaldson et al., 1990). The ability of ATP levels to regulate the distribut ...
Molecular Definition of Distinct Cytoskeletal Structures
... F-actin, vinculin, a-actinin, paxillin, and phosphotyrosine-containing proteins are distributed over the phagosome surface. These loci are detected beneath bound C O Z within 30 s of warnfing the cells to 37~ and their formation requires active protein kinase C. By contrast, during Fc receptor-media ...
... F-actin, vinculin, a-actinin, paxillin, and phosphotyrosine-containing proteins are distributed over the phagosome surface. These loci are detected beneath bound C O Z within 30 s of warnfing the cells to 37~ and their formation requires active protein kinase C. By contrast, during Fc receptor-media ...
Subcellular Trafficking of Mammalian Lysosomal Proteins: An
... sites (i.e., to redirect the protein to the PM), an unconventional dileucine signal located in a cytosolic loop (SLLKGRQGIY) must be mutated simultaneously with a tryptophan and glutamic acid (WE) motif located in the C-terminal tail [33]. However, not all atypical signals revolve around tyrosine or ...
... sites (i.e., to redirect the protein to the PM), an unconventional dileucine signal located in a cytosolic loop (SLLKGRQGIY) must be mutated simultaneously with a tryptophan and glutamic acid (WE) motif located in the C-terminal tail [33]. However, not all atypical signals revolve around tyrosine or ...
F-actin Sequesters Elongation Factor from Interaction with
... resultant EF-let:GDP dissociates from the ribosome, ready for the next cycle (Riis et al., 1990). EF-let is a ubiquitous protein with homologues (EF-Tu) in prokaryotic systems. It is a very abundant protein that constitutes about 1-2% of the total protein in normal growing cells. Large increases in ...
... resultant EF-let:GDP dissociates from the ribosome, ready for the next cycle (Riis et al., 1990). EF-let is a ubiquitous protein with homologues (EF-Tu) in prokaryotic systems. It is a very abundant protein that constitutes about 1-2% of the total protein in normal growing cells. Large increases in ...
Subcellular Localization of Catalase Encoded by the ctt1+ Gene in
... When the cell extracts from the mutant were fractionated, catalase activity was not detected in either the cytosolic fraction or the organellar fraction, indicating that both cytosolic and peroxisomal catalases are ctt1+ products. When the presence of the Ctt1 polypeptide was verified by Western blo ...
... When the cell extracts from the mutant were fractionated, catalase activity was not detected in either the cytosolic fraction or the organellar fraction, indicating that both cytosolic and peroxisomal catalases are ctt1+ products. When the presence of the Ctt1 polypeptide was verified by Western blo ...
Interferons: cell signalling, immune modulation, antiviral responses
... heterotrimeric complex called ISGF3, which binds the ISRE of IFN-α\β-responsive genes. p48 is a member of the IRF family and is sometimes referred to as IRF-9 ; it should be stressed that, like the IFN-β promoter element PRD I, the ISRE sequence can also be bound by other members of the IRF family, ...
... heterotrimeric complex called ISGF3, which binds the ISRE of IFN-α\β-responsive genes. p48 is a member of the IRF family and is sometimes referred to as IRF-9 ; it should be stressed that, like the IFN-β promoter element PRD I, the ISRE sequence can also be bound by other members of the IRF family, ...
Real time PCR based determination of gene copy numbers in
... strain analysis. 2 ng of genomic DNA were added in a reaction volume of 20 µL. For each unknown strain, reactions with GFP and ARG4 primer sets were performed in separate tubes. Standard curves and NTCs for both genes were recorded in every plate. The reactions were done in MicroAmp® Optical 96-Well ...
... strain analysis. 2 ng of genomic DNA were added in a reaction volume of 20 µL. For each unknown strain, reactions with GFP and ARG4 primer sets were performed in separate tubes. Standard curves and NTCs for both genes were recorded in every plate. The reactions were done in MicroAmp® Optical 96-Well ...
Chemotaxis in Bacteria
... Whereverlhis protein has been identified, it has also been shownto fimction in a transport system for whichthe attractants of the chemosensorclass are substrates. Yet both the transport and chemotaxis systems have other, independent components, and transport is not required for chemotaxis. These rel ...
... Whereverlhis protein has been identified, it has also been shownto fimction in a transport system for whichthe attractants of the chemosensorclass are substrates. Yet both the transport and chemotaxis systems have other, independent components, and transport is not required for chemotaxis. These rel ...
Functional analysis of a novel baculovirus envelope fusion protein
... enormous species diversity proved irresistibly the attractiveness of these viruses to control pest insect species, in particular moths and butterflies. The larvae of these insects often cause severe feeding damage to agriculturally important crops, ornamental plants or to forest trees. Unfortunately ...
... enormous species diversity proved irresistibly the attractiveness of these viruses to control pest insect species, in particular moths and butterflies. The larvae of these insects often cause severe feeding damage to agriculturally important crops, ornamental plants or to forest trees. Unfortunately ...
MicroRNAs: key participants in gene regulatory networks
... 1 kb from either 50 start or 30 end of putative genes that contain many cis-acting elements, even in introns, exons or the complementary spanned splice sites of known protein coding genes [5,13,33], it is imaginable that miRNAs have regulatory activities ranging from gene transcription as trans-ac ...
... 1 kb from either 50 start or 30 end of putative genes that contain many cis-acting elements, even in introns, exons or the complementary spanned splice sites of known protein coding genes [5,13,33], it is imaginable that miRNAs have regulatory activities ranging from gene transcription as trans-ac ...
mRNA surveillance: the perfect persist
... pre-mRNA splicing and is called the exon-junction complex (EJC) (Le Hir et al., 2000a). The EJC is a highly dynamic structure that consists of at least eight proteins (Table 1), some of which leave the nucleus with the mRNA (Kataoka et al., 2001; Kim et al., 2001a; Kim et al., 2001b; Le Hir et al., ...
... pre-mRNA splicing and is called the exon-junction complex (EJC) (Le Hir et al., 2000a). The EJC is a highly dynamic structure that consists of at least eight proteins (Table 1), some of which leave the nucleus with the mRNA (Kataoka et al., 2001; Kim et al., 2001a; Kim et al., 2001b; Le Hir et al., ...
Plastid RNA polymerases - Journal of Experimental Botany
... Transcriptional activity in plastids was already reported in the 1960s (Kirk, 1964), but the nature of this activity remained obscure until molecular biology techniques allowed the sequencing of plastid genes (Hudson et al., 1988; Igloi et al., 1990). Nowadays, it is common knowledge that plastids p ...
... Transcriptional activity in plastids was already reported in the 1960s (Kirk, 1964), but the nature of this activity remained obscure until molecular biology techniques allowed the sequencing of plastid genes (Hudson et al., 1988; Igloi et al., 1990). Nowadays, it is common knowledge that plastids p ...
The Pseudomonas syringae HrpJ protein controls the secretion of
... fractions. Interestingly, the two additional putative translocator proteins, the HopAK1 harpin and HrpK1, were not detectable in the supernatant fraction of the mutant indicating that HrpJ is required for their secretion (Fig. 1B). The HopP1 harpin was secreted by the hrpJ mutant (Fig. 1B) indicatin ...
... fractions. Interestingly, the two additional putative translocator proteins, the HopAK1 harpin and HrpK1, were not detectable in the supernatant fraction of the mutant indicating that HrpJ is required for their secretion (Fig. 1B). The HopP1 harpin was secreted by the hrpJ mutant (Fig. 1B) indicatin ...
Protein moonlighting
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/3EL3.png?width=300)
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.