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Introduction to NMR spectroscopy
... backbone is free to adopt a range of conformations: greater variation in structure coordinates for loop ...
... backbone is free to adopt a range of conformations: greater variation in structure coordinates for loop ...
Review Article S-Layer Glycoproteins and Flagellins: Reporters of
... for these modifications. Such studies have identified archaeal-specific variations in signal peptidase activity not found in the other domains of life, as well as the enzymes responsible for assembly and biosynthesis of novel N-linked glycans. In vitro assays for some of these enzymes have already b ...
... for these modifications. Such studies have identified archaeal-specific variations in signal peptidase activity not found in the other domains of life, as well as the enzymes responsible for assembly and biosynthesis of novel N-linked glycans. In vitro assays for some of these enzymes have already b ...
Section 9.1 - CPO Science
... another organism. • Sporozoans are protozoan parasites in the bodies of certain animals. ...
... another organism. • Sporozoans are protozoan parasites in the bodies of certain animals. ...
Genes involved in asexual sporophyte development in Ceratopteris
... gametophyte transcriptome of the homosporous fern Pteridium aquilinum, I discovered that the C. richardii apogamy library is enriched in genes that are involved in stress response and metabolism. The C. richardii apogamy library also contains many sequences whose homologues in Arabidopsis are specif ...
... gametophyte transcriptome of the homosporous fern Pteridium aquilinum, I discovered that the C. richardii apogamy library is enriched in genes that are involved in stress response and metabolism. The C. richardii apogamy library also contains many sequences whose homologues in Arabidopsis are specif ...
Diacylglycerol kinases - University of Toronto Mississauga
... D, and probably other isotypes, allows for additional regulation [31,34,35,58,59]. This complexity permits cell- or tissue-specific regulation of each DGK isotype depending on the availability of cofactors and the type of stimulus that the cell receives. DGKa is perhaps the best example of the conte ...
... D, and probably other isotypes, allows for additional regulation [31,34,35,58,59]. This complexity permits cell- or tissue-specific regulation of each DGK isotype depending on the availability of cofactors and the type of stimulus that the cell receives. DGKa is perhaps the best example of the conte ...
Ribosomal proteins promote leaf adaxial identity
... panel) and 3 (B, upper panel), and AE5 (At2g19730) and AE6 (At3g25520) encode ribosomal proteins RPL28A (A, lower panel) and RPL5A (B, lower panel), respectively. Black and white boxes indicate the protein-coding region and untranslational region (UTR), respectively. (C) RT-PCR shows that AE5 and AE ...
... panel) and 3 (B, upper panel), and AE5 (At2g19730) and AE6 (At3g25520) encode ribosomal proteins RPL28A (A, lower panel) and RPL5A (B, lower panel), respectively. Black and white boxes indicate the protein-coding region and untranslational region (UTR), respectively. (C) RT-PCR shows that AE5 and AE ...
POS-1 and germ cell specification
... We have taken two complementary approaches to identify additional genes that establish germline/soma differences in C. elegans. As part of the C. elegans cDNA project, we have used molecular screens to look for mRNAs that are localized asymmetrically in the early embryo (Y. Kohara, unpublished data) ...
... We have taken two complementary approaches to identify additional genes that establish germline/soma differences in C. elegans. As part of the C. elegans cDNA project, we have used molecular screens to look for mRNAs that are localized asymmetrically in the early embryo (Y. Kohara, unpublished data) ...
The molecular basis of skeletal muscle atrophy
... unloading, with or without cortisol treatment, atrophy still occurred (51). Importantly, treatment of unloaded rats with an inhibitor of glucocorticoids, RU-38486, also did not inhibit disuse atrophy (95). Thus glucocorticoids do not appear to be required for disuse atrophy. In the case of cachexia, ...
... unloading, with or without cortisol treatment, atrophy still occurred (51). Importantly, treatment of unloaded rats with an inhibitor of glucocorticoids, RU-38486, also did not inhibit disuse atrophy (95). Thus glucocorticoids do not appear to be required for disuse atrophy. In the case of cachexia, ...
Transcriptional mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle
... T-box proteins, have been identified as binding upstream of MRF genes. None of these factors is exclusively expressed in the muscle progenitor cells that give rise to differentiated muscle cells, which suggests that these transcription factors prepare the stage for additional actors (such as MRFs ...
... T-box proteins, have been identified as binding upstream of MRF genes. None of these factors is exclusively expressed in the muscle progenitor cells that give rise to differentiated muscle cells, which suggests that these transcription factors prepare the stage for additional actors (such as MRFs ...
pdf-1 - The Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology
... the placenta in humans, and it is largely responsible for protection of the newborn during the first months of life.1 Because of its relative abundance and excellent specificity toward antigens, IgG is the principle antibody used in immunological research and clinical diagnostics. Serum IgM exists a ...
... the placenta in humans, and it is largely responsible for protection of the newborn during the first months of life.1 Because of its relative abundance and excellent specificity toward antigens, IgG is the principle antibody used in immunological research and clinical diagnostics. Serum IgM exists a ...
A B23-interacting sequence as a tool to visualize protein interactions
... was generated and pull-down assays were performed on whole cell extracts. As shown in Fig. 2A, western blot analysis of the bound proteins revealed that B23 interacts with the NoLS, contrary to other nucleolar proteins such as Nopp140, nucleolin, the other major nucleolar protein, and Nop52. The int ...
... was generated and pull-down assays were performed on whole cell extracts. As shown in Fig. 2A, western blot analysis of the bound proteins revealed that B23 interacts with the NoLS, contrary to other nucleolar proteins such as Nopp140, nucleolin, the other major nucleolar protein, and Nop52. The int ...
Evolution of Brachyury proteins: identification of a novel regulatory
... The Brachyury proteins thus provide a powerful paradigm to study how evolutionarily conserved genes come to fulfill different functions across the animal kingdom. The surprising diversity of the roles of Brachyury in metazoans, and the availability of full-length cDNAs for orthologues from all major ...
... The Brachyury proteins thus provide a powerful paradigm to study how evolutionarily conserved genes come to fulfill different functions across the animal kingdom. The surprising diversity of the roles of Brachyury in metazoans, and the availability of full-length cDNAs for orthologues from all major ...
Bacillus cereus
... considered aerobic. It is found in soil and considered a saprophyte. Bacillus megaterium is latin for the big beast because it is an extremely large bacteria, it is about 100 times as large as E. coli. Due to its immense size, about 60 micrometers cubed, B. megaterium has been used to study structur ...
... considered aerobic. It is found in soil and considered a saprophyte. Bacillus megaterium is latin for the big beast because it is an extremely large bacteria, it is about 100 times as large as E. coli. Due to its immense size, about 60 micrometers cubed, B. megaterium has been used to study structur ...
Reprogramming the Genetic Code: From Triplet to Quadruplet Codes
... ribosomal mutations are lethal, changing the cellular ribosome to read nontriplet codes is challenging. Herein we review work on the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins in response to quadruplet codons, and the creation of an orthogonal translation system in the cell that uses an ev ...
... ribosomal mutations are lethal, changing the cellular ribosome to read nontriplet codes is challenging. Herein we review work on the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins in response to quadruplet codons, and the creation of an orthogonal translation system in the cell that uses an ev ...
Molecular Plant-Microbio Interactions
... 0.47 kb of the first open reading frame (ORF) downstream of the Tn5lacZ insertion and was cloned into pIC20H with PstI and KpnI, resulting in pMP5401. Screening of the genomic library resulted in the isolation of a DNA fragment of approximately 11 kb, which was cloned into a pBluescript vector (Stra ...
... 0.47 kb of the first open reading frame (ORF) downstream of the Tn5lacZ insertion and was cloned into pIC20H with PstI and KpnI, resulting in pMP5401. Screening of the genomic library resulted in the isolation of a DNA fragment of approximately 11 kb, which was cloned into a pBluescript vector (Stra ...
Identification of Myosin XI Receptors in Arabidopsis Defines a
... cooperation between myosin XI-K and MyoB proteins is required for proper plant development. Unexpectedly, the MyoB1containing vesicles did not correspond to brefeldin A–sensitive Golgi and post-Golgi or prevacuolar compartments and did not colocalize with known exocytic or endosomal compartments. Ph ...
... cooperation between myosin XI-K and MyoB proteins is required for proper plant development. Unexpectedly, the MyoB1containing vesicles did not correspond to brefeldin A–sensitive Golgi and post-Golgi or prevacuolar compartments and did not colocalize with known exocytic or endosomal compartments. Ph ...
MILK - Sistem Informasi Terpadu UNIKA SOEGIJAPRANATA
... In pasteurization, thermoduric bacteria and spore forming bacteria can survive. Bacillus cereus spores are relevant here, being the main pathogen which will survive pasteurization and grow at low temperature. It will certainly cause spoilage in heattreated milk. Enzymes in raw milk may give rise to ...
... In pasteurization, thermoduric bacteria and spore forming bacteria can survive. Bacillus cereus spores are relevant here, being the main pathogen which will survive pasteurization and grow at low temperature. It will certainly cause spoilage in heattreated milk. Enzymes in raw milk may give rise to ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... et al. 1982, 1983) and the 30S subunit and full ribosome isolated from Thermus thermophilus (Trakhanov et al. 1987; Yusupov et al. 1987). The first crystal structures of the 30S subunit from T. thermophilus and the 50S subunit from H. marismortuie were used to interpret X-ray electron density maps a ...
... et al. 1982, 1983) and the 30S subunit and full ribosome isolated from Thermus thermophilus (Trakhanov et al. 1987; Yusupov et al. 1987). The first crystal structures of the 30S subunit from T. thermophilus and the 50S subunit from H. marismortuie were used to interpret X-ray electron density maps a ...
PDF
... Members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors regulate the specification and differentiation of numerous cell types during embryonic development. Hand1 and Hand2 are expressed by a subset of neural crest cells in the anterior branchial arches and are involved in cranio ...
... Members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors regulate the specification and differentiation of numerous cell types during embryonic development. Hand1 and Hand2 are expressed by a subset of neural crest cells in the anterior branchial arches and are involved in cranio ...
pdf
... PAP is the polyA polymerase. CFI, CFII and PAP form a complex that binds to the nascent RNA at the cleavage site, directed by the CPSF specificity factor. CstF is an additional protein implicated in this process in vitro, but its precise function is currently unknown. Fig. 3.3.8 ...
... PAP is the polyA polymerase. CFI, CFII and PAP form a complex that binds to the nascent RNA at the cleavage site, directed by the CPSF specificity factor. CstF is an additional protein implicated in this process in vitro, but its precise function is currently unknown. Fig. 3.3.8 ...
Marine Bacillus Spores as Catalysts for Oxidative Precipitation and
... There are two general mechanisms of Mn oxidation (Nealson et al., 1989) which can be operationally described as indirect or direct. Indirect oxidation may occur via an increase in pH or Eh, while direct oxidation generally occurs via the active binding and oxidation of Mn(II) by an enzyme. Mn(II)-ox ...
... There are two general mechanisms of Mn oxidation (Nealson et al., 1989) which can be operationally described as indirect or direct. Indirect oxidation may occur via an increase in pH or Eh, while direct oxidation generally occurs via the active binding and oxidation of Mn(II) by an enzyme. Mn(II)-ox ...
Sex Determination in the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline
... The primary signals for chromosomal sex determination are similar in C. elegans and in Drosophila. The balance between the number of X chromosomes and the number of sets of autosomes also determines the sexual phenotype in worms (Nigon 1952). Albeit essential for male fertility, the Y chromosome in ...
... The primary signals for chromosomal sex determination are similar in C. elegans and in Drosophila. The balance between the number of X chromosomes and the number of sets of autosomes also determines the sexual phenotype in worms (Nigon 1952). Albeit essential for male fertility, the Y chromosome in ...
Renin Precursor Synthesis and Renin
... 1. The precursor synthesis of renin, the storage form in the kidney and the submaxillary gland, and the molecular nature of the forms in plasma were studied in the mouse. 2. Renin is synthesized as a precursor (pre-prorenin) with a molecular weight of 50 000. 3. Renin is stored in the submaxillary g ...
... 1. The precursor synthesis of renin, the storage form in the kidney and the submaxillary gland, and the molecular nature of the forms in plasma were studied in the mouse. 2. Renin is synthesized as a precursor (pre-prorenin) with a molecular weight of 50 000. 3. Renin is stored in the submaxillary g ...
Gene Overexpression: Uses, Mechanisms, and
... 1986a), indicating that it normally functions during cell-cycle progression. In this example, the selection identified a protein that directly contacts and regulates Cdc2, but dosage suppression can result from a wide spectrum of interesting mechanisms, including regulation by post-translational modi ...
... 1986a), indicating that it normally functions during cell-cycle progression. In this example, the selection identified a protein that directly contacts and regulates Cdc2, but dosage suppression can result from a wide spectrum of interesting mechanisms, including regulation by post-translational modi ...
Correlating ribosome function with high
... Figure 1. The ribosome functional centers. (a) The two ribosomal subunits. Left: the small ribosomal subunit (T30S) [4]. The approximate positions of codon–anticodon interactions of A-, P- and E-tRNAs are shown and the main functional domains are indicated: H, head; L, latch; P, platform; S, shoulde ...
... Figure 1. The ribosome functional centers. (a) The two ribosomal subunits. Left: the small ribosomal subunit (T30S) [4]. The approximate positions of codon–anticodon interactions of A-, P- and E-tRNAs are shown and the main functional domains are indicated: H, head; L, latch; P, platform; S, shoulde ...
Protein moonlighting
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/3EL3.png?width=300)
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.