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The tumor suppressor Scrib interacts with the zyxin
... Correct processing of these signals allows appropriate cellular growth, differentiation, and tissue morphogenesis, but malfunctions often lie at the basis of pathologies such as tumor growth and metastasis. At sites of cell adhesion, more and more proteins are being identified that not only play a r ...
... Correct processing of these signals allows appropriate cellular growth, differentiation, and tissue morphogenesis, but malfunctions often lie at the basis of pathologies such as tumor growth and metastasis. At sites of cell adhesion, more and more proteins are being identified that not only play a r ...
Characterization of the ftsYEX operon of Escherichia coli
... filaments and dies at the restrictive temperature of 42°C. The first gene, ftsY, is known to encode an essential component of a protein localization system first described in eukaryotes, the signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway. The function of the following genes, ftsE and ftsX, are much less ...
... filaments and dies at the restrictive temperature of 42°C. The first gene, ftsY, is known to encode an essential component of a protein localization system first described in eukaryotes, the signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway. The function of the following genes, ftsE and ftsX, are much less ...
Comparative analysis of two-component signal transduction systems
... are often encoded on adjacent genes. A typical HK contains an N-terminal, membrane-associated sensor domain and a C-terminal, cytosolic H-box and HATPase domain. Together, these cytoplasmic domains make up the phosphotransferase domain. A typical RR is a cytosolic protein consisting of an N-terminal ...
... are often encoded on adjacent genes. A typical HK contains an N-terminal, membrane-associated sensor domain and a C-terminal, cytosolic H-box and HATPase domain. Together, these cytoplasmic domains make up the phosphotransferase domain. A typical RR is a cytosolic protein consisting of an N-terminal ...
Of mice and (wo)men: genotype–phenotype
... with the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex (44) might occur via the BRCT repeats-binding RNA helicase A (45). The functional demarcation between the repair and transcription-related motifs in BRCA1 may not be as clear-cut as suggested by the above studies. In fact, different domains in different ...
... with the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex (44) might occur via the BRCT repeats-binding RNA helicase A (45). The functional demarcation between the repair and transcription-related motifs in BRCA1 may not be as clear-cut as suggested by the above studies. In fact, different domains in different ...
The SWISS-PROT protein sequence data bank
... We have split TrEMBL in two main sections; SP-TrEMBL and REM-TrEMBL: SP-TrEMBL (SWISS-PROT TrEMBL) contains the entries (∼120 000 in release 5) which should be incorporated into SWISS-PROT. SWISS-PROT accession numbers have been assigned to these entries. SP-TrEMBL is partially redundant against SWI ...
... We have split TrEMBL in two main sections; SP-TrEMBL and REM-TrEMBL: SP-TrEMBL (SWISS-PROT TrEMBL) contains the entries (∼120 000 in release 5) which should be incorporated into SWISS-PROT. SWISS-PROT accession numbers have been assigned to these entries. SP-TrEMBL is partially redundant against SWI ...
aa-tRNA competition is crucial for the effective translation efficiency
... Despite extensive studies, much details of how translation is controlled by mRNA sequences and cellular environment remain exclusive. Both the number of available free ribosomes and the codon orders are important for translation efficiency, however how various factors combine to determine the transl ...
... Despite extensive studies, much details of how translation is controlled by mRNA sequences and cellular environment remain exclusive. Both the number of available free ribosomes and the codon orders are important for translation efficiency, however how various factors combine to determine the transl ...
Bacterial Growth and Cell Division: a Mycobacterial Perspective
... How Does the Chromosome Replicate? ...............................................................................................................135 What Segregates the Chromosome?.....................................................................................................................13 ...
... How Does the Chromosome Replicate? ...............................................................................................................135 What Segregates the Chromosome?.....................................................................................................................13 ...
Review Antibody flexibility observed in antigen binding and its
... In the present post-genome era, although many three-dimensional structures of proteins, including antibodies, have been determined mainly by X-ray structural analysis, quantitative analyses of the dynamic properties of proteins are needed for correlation with the protein functions. Since protein mol ...
... In the present post-genome era, although many three-dimensional structures of proteins, including antibodies, have been determined mainly by X-ray structural analysis, quantitative analyses of the dynamic properties of proteins are needed for correlation with the protein functions. Since protein mol ...
Distribution of orphan metabolic activities
... One important caveat of our analysis is the incompleteness of the EC classification. Many known, biochemically characterized, enzymatic reactions have yet to be assigned EC numbers [14]. The addition of these, currently unclassified, reactions is likely to increase significantly the fraction of orph ...
... One important caveat of our analysis is the incompleteness of the EC classification. Many known, biochemically characterized, enzymatic reactions have yet to be assigned EC numbers [14]. The addition of these, currently unclassified, reactions is likely to increase significantly the fraction of orph ...
Protein Interaction Technical Handbook
... myriad of processes that impact cellular structure and function. These processes include cell-cycle control, differentiation, protein folding, signaling, transcription, translation, post-translational modification and transport. Implications about function can be made via protein:protein interaction ...
... myriad of processes that impact cellular structure and function. These processes include cell-cycle control, differentiation, protein folding, signaling, transcription, translation, post-translational modification and transport. Implications about function can be made via protein:protein interaction ...
The SMN Complex Is Associated with snRNPs throughout Their
... for snRNP import into the nucleus (11, 12, 24, 25, 33, 41). The m3G cap structure is specifically bound by snurportin1, which then interacts with the nuclear import receptor importin- and, together with an unidentified import receptor that recognizes the Sm core, mediates the import of the assemble ...
... for snRNP import into the nucleus (11, 12, 24, 25, 33, 41). The m3G cap structure is specifically bound by snurportin1, which then interacts with the nuclear import receptor importin- and, together with an unidentified import receptor that recognizes the Sm core, mediates the import of the assemble ...
The green fluorescent protein: discovery
... During the 20th century the foundations of biochemistry were laid and used to explore the basal principles of the anabolic and catabolic pathways inside living cells. The 20th century also witnessed a revolution in our understanding of enzyme function and, through crystallography and nuclear magneti ...
... During the 20th century the foundations of biochemistry were laid and used to explore the basal principles of the anabolic and catabolic pathways inside living cells. The 20th century also witnessed a revolution in our understanding of enzyme function and, through crystallography and nuclear magneti ...
TESI DOCTORAL NEUROKININ-1 RECEPTOR: STRATEGIES OF EXPRESSION, PURIFICATION AND REFOLDING
... domains in their structure (figure 1.2). The greatest insight into structure/function relationships of GPCRs can be obtained from comparing β2AR and rhodopsin structures (Kobilka and Schertler, 2008). ...
... domains in their structure (figure 1.2). The greatest insight into structure/function relationships of GPCRs can be obtained from comparing β2AR and rhodopsin structures (Kobilka and Schertler, 2008). ...
Domains of the Adenovirus E1A Protein Required for
... Figure 1. Structure of E1A mutants. The wild-type 243-aminoacid product of the 12S E1A RNA. The two regions that exhibit sequence conservation among various adenovirus serotypes (Kimelman et al. 1985) are indicated. Point mutations are indicated by arrows; the name of the mutant indicates the amino ...
... Figure 1. Structure of E1A mutants. The wild-type 243-aminoacid product of the 12S E1A RNA. The two regions that exhibit sequence conservation among various adenovirus serotypes (Kimelman et al. 1985) are indicated. Point mutations are indicated by arrows; the name of the mutant indicates the amino ...
DORSAL-VENTRAL PATTERNING AND NEURAL INDUCTION IN
... The cystine knot structural motif is found in many extracellular proteins, such as the TGF-β superfamily, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and others (Avsian-Kretchmer & Hsueh 2004). Because BMP and Noggin ...
... The cystine knot structural motif is found in many extracellular proteins, such as the TGF-β superfamily, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and others (Avsian-Kretchmer & Hsueh 2004). Because BMP and Noggin ...
Cytosolic Hsp70 and co-chaperones constitute a novel system for
... Then, an effect of the ssa2 mutation on tRNA import was assessed under the conditions of nutrient starvation. Wild-type, ssa1Δ, and ssa2Δ cells cultured in the YPD medium were transferred to the amino acid-starvation medium SD+Ura, Ade (SD), and the localization of tRNA-ProUGG and tRNA-iMet was anal ...
... Then, an effect of the ssa2 mutation on tRNA import was assessed under the conditions of nutrient starvation. Wild-type, ssa1Δ, and ssa2Δ cells cultured in the YPD medium were transferred to the amino acid-starvation medium SD+Ura, Ade (SD), and the localization of tRNA-ProUGG and tRNA-iMet was anal ...
Membrane Proteins
... Overton and Langmuir: Lipids Are Important Components of Membranes • In the 1890s Overton observed the easy penetration of lipid-soluble substances into cells and concluded that the cell surface had some kind of lipid “coat” on it • Langmuir studied phospholipids and found that they were amphipathi ...
... Overton and Langmuir: Lipids Are Important Components of Membranes • In the 1890s Overton observed the easy penetration of lipid-soluble substances into cells and concluded that the cell surface had some kind of lipid “coat” on it • Langmuir studied phospholipids and found that they were amphipathi ...
Bartonella Clarridgeiae: Invasion of Human
... confer protection against the other. B. clarridgeiae has been isolated from dogs with infective vegetative valvular endocarditis and in liver specimens from dogs with hepatic disease (Chomel et al.,2001; Gillespie et al.,2003). The number of human infections by B. clarridgeiae is unknown. It has be ...
... confer protection against the other. B. clarridgeiae has been isolated from dogs with infective vegetative valvular endocarditis and in liver specimens from dogs with hepatic disease (Chomel et al.,2001; Gillespie et al.,2003). The number of human infections by B. clarridgeiae is unknown. It has be ...
Characterization of the hepatitis B virus matrix domain function in
... HBV sequence was fixed by convention to be directly after the single EcoRI restriction site due to the fact that restriction analysis were the first analyses which were made of the HBV genome. Four open reading frames (ORF) coding for in total 7 proteins are located on the HBV genome. They are to a ...
... HBV sequence was fixed by convention to be directly after the single EcoRI restriction site due to the fact that restriction analysis were the first analyses which were made of the HBV genome. Four open reading frames (ORF) coding for in total 7 proteins are located on the HBV genome. They are to a ...
Purification and Properties of the Dictyostelium Calpain
... motility, we have investigated whether a calpain-like protein is expressed in this organism. Contig 13130 (Sanger Institute Dictyostelium sequencing project) was identified as a three-exon gene that encodes a calpain-like protein. Using a custom peptide antibody to assay for the presence of this put ...
... motility, we have investigated whether a calpain-like protein is expressed in this organism. Contig 13130 (Sanger Institute Dictyostelium sequencing project) was identified as a three-exon gene that encodes a calpain-like protein. Using a custom peptide antibody to assay for the presence of this put ...
Article (Published version)
... species demonstrate the importance of Gli function. The Gli code is thus thought to regulate the CNS homeodomain code, the latter being required for specification of different neuronal subtypes (Briscoe et al., 2000). However, the variable results make a unifying interpretation difficult. Similarly, ...
... species demonstrate the importance of Gli function. The Gli code is thus thought to regulate the CNS homeodomain code, the latter being required for specification of different neuronal subtypes (Briscoe et al., 2000). However, the variable results make a unifying interpretation difficult. Similarly, ...
Full-Text PDF
... protein kinases and phosphatases [23–36]. The entire sequence of ABA signal transduction, from ABA receptors to stomatal closure, will be discussed later in this review. 1.2. Role of Stomatal Immunity via Restriction of Pathogen Entry Recently, several studies have demonstrated that ABA plays a cruc ...
... protein kinases and phosphatases [23–36]. The entire sequence of ABA signal transduction, from ABA receptors to stomatal closure, will be discussed later in this review. 1.2. Role of Stomatal Immunity via Restriction of Pathogen Entry Recently, several studies have demonstrated that ABA plays a cruc ...
RNA Splicing
... more than one way, and internal exons are substituted, added, or deleted. • In some cases, the multiple products all are made in the same cell, but in others the process is regulated so that particular splicing patterns occur only under particular conditions. • There is an ASF(Alternative Splicing F ...
... more than one way, and internal exons are substituted, added, or deleted. • In some cases, the multiple products all are made in the same cell, but in others the process is regulated so that particular splicing patterns occur only under particular conditions. • There is an ASF(Alternative Splicing F ...
Chpt12_RNAProcessing.doc
... CFI, CFII and PAP form a complex that binds to the nascent RNA at the cleavage site, directed by the CPSF specificity factor. CstF is an additional protein implicated in this process in vitro, but its precise function is currently unknown. ...
... CFI, CFII and PAP form a complex that binds to the nascent RNA at the cleavage site, directed by the CPSF specificity factor. CstF is an additional protein implicated in this process in vitro, but its precise function is currently unknown. ...
Effects of various oxidants and antioxidants on the p38
... various forms of environmental stress, including hyperosmolarity, oxidative stress and heat shock [20, 21]. The respective MAPK subfamily in the amphibian heart has been previously characterised in our laboratory [22–25]. In particular, amphibian p38-MAPK has been found to be stimulated by mechanica ...
... various forms of environmental stress, including hyperosmolarity, oxidative stress and heat shock [20, 21]. The respective MAPK subfamily in the amphibian heart has been previously characterised in our laboratory [22–25]. In particular, amphibian p38-MAPK has been found to be stimulated by mechanica ...
Protein moonlighting
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/3EL3.png?width=300)
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.