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Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for Current Opinion in Plant Biology
... effectors can be targeted to the apoplast (the space outside plant cell membranes) or translocated into the host cell (cytoplasmic effectors). It is widely accepted that ...
... effectors can be targeted to the apoplast (the space outside plant cell membranes) or translocated into the host cell (cytoplasmic effectors). It is widely accepted that ...
FTZFactor1 and Fushi tarazu interact via conserved nuclear receptor
... Interestingly, FTZ can perform some of its regulatory functions in the absence of its homeodomain (Fitzpatrick et al., 1992; Copeland et al., 1996). This ®nding suggested that FTZ can be recruited to target gene promoters by interacting with speci®c cofactors. FTZ-F1 may be one of these cofactors si ...
... Interestingly, FTZ can perform some of its regulatory functions in the absence of its homeodomain (Fitzpatrick et al., 1992; Copeland et al., 1996). This ®nding suggested that FTZ can be recruited to target gene promoters by interacting with speci®c cofactors. FTZ-F1 may be one of these cofactors si ...
Nitrite transport to the chloroplast in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
... to NAR1;5. This is clearly the result of the particular conditions of mRNA expression from which the libraries were constructed, which in turn might not be the optimal for Nar1;1 expression. These ESTs come from libraries constructed from cells subject to a wide range of culture and stress condition ...
... to NAR1;5. This is clearly the result of the particular conditions of mRNA expression from which the libraries were constructed, which in turn might not be the optimal for Nar1;1 expression. These ESTs come from libraries constructed from cells subject to a wide range of culture and stress condition ...
FTZ-Factor1 and Fushi tarazu interact via conserved nuclear
... Interestingly, FTZ can perform some of its regulatory functions in the absence of its homeodomain (Fitzpatrick et al., 1992; Copeland et al., 1996). This ®nding suggested that FTZ can be recruited to target gene promoters by interacting with speci®c cofactors. FTZ-F1 may be one of these cofactors si ...
... Interestingly, FTZ can perform some of its regulatory functions in the absence of its homeodomain (Fitzpatrick et al., 1992; Copeland et al., 1996). This ®nding suggested that FTZ can be recruited to target gene promoters by interacting with speci®c cofactors. FTZ-F1 may be one of these cofactors si ...
Article - Andrej Sali
... segments were modeled as A form helices (Figure 3; Figure S7). However, the distal half of ES3S and a major part of ES6S are flexible and were not modeled. In the large subunit, there are 16 notable expansion segments (Figures S8A and S8B), and 6 of these hypervariable regions are much enlarged (ES7 ...
... segments were modeled as A form helices (Figure 3; Figure S7). However, the distal half of ES3S and a major part of ES6S are flexible and were not modeled. In the large subunit, there are 16 notable expansion segments (Figures S8A and S8B), and 6 of these hypervariable regions are much enlarged (ES7 ...
Expanding roles of protein kinase CK2 in regulating plant growth
... Post-translational modification of proteins is a mechanism used in eukaryotic systems to regulate protein function and stability. Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of proteins is one of the most common post-translational modifications. This mechanism is advantageous to the cells as it is reversible. ...
... Post-translational modification of proteins is a mechanism used in eukaryotic systems to regulate protein function and stability. Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of proteins is one of the most common post-translational modifications. This mechanism is advantageous to the cells as it is reversible. ...
Bonus, a Drosophila TIF1 homologue, is a chromatin
... (GREWAL and MOAZED 2003). One of these families of proteins is the TIF1 family. The TIF1 family of proteins, TIF1α (LE DOUARIN et al. 1995), TIF1β [also called KAP-1 (FRIEDMAN et al. 1996) or KRIP-1 (KIM et al. 1996)], and TIF1γ (VENTURINI et al. 1999), are all structurally and functionally similar. ...
... (GREWAL and MOAZED 2003). One of these families of proteins is the TIF1 family. The TIF1 family of proteins, TIF1α (LE DOUARIN et al. 1995), TIF1β [also called KAP-1 (FRIEDMAN et al. 1996) or KRIP-1 (KIM et al. 1996)], and TIF1γ (VENTURINI et al. 1999), are all structurally and functionally similar. ...
Homeotic genes regulate the spatial expression
... transcription patterns of target or 'realizator' genes (Garcia-Bellido, 1977). In the epidermis, the nervous system, and the visceral mesoderm, cross-regulatory interactions have been observed among the homeotic genes; thus the first target genes to have been identified are homeotic genes (Hafen et ...
... transcription patterns of target or 'realizator' genes (Garcia-Bellido, 1977). In the epidermis, the nervous system, and the visceral mesoderm, cross-regulatory interactions have been observed among the homeotic genes; thus the first target genes to have been identified are homeotic genes (Hafen et ...
Glycoprotein IIIa Is Phosphorylated in Intact Human
... By Leslie V. Parise, Anne B. Criss, Lisa Nannizzi, and Mark R. Wardell The glycoprotein Ilb-llla complex (GP Ilb-llla) is a multifunctional transmembrane protein on platelets. Its most completely described function is as a fibrinogen receptor that mediates platelet aggregation, but it is also involv ...
... By Leslie V. Parise, Anne B. Criss, Lisa Nannizzi, and Mark R. Wardell The glycoprotein Ilb-llla complex (GP Ilb-llla) is a multifunctional transmembrane protein on platelets. Its most completely described function is as a fibrinogen receptor that mediates platelet aggregation, but it is also involv ...
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... complementation, and deficiency testing were performed by standard genetic methods (Herman and Horvitz, 1980). Aldicarb, 2-methyl-2[methylthio]proprionaldehyde O-[methylcarbamoyl]oxime, was obtained from Chem Services (West Chester, PA) and was prepared as a 100 mM stock solution in 70% ethanol. Ald ...
... complementation, and deficiency testing were performed by standard genetic methods (Herman and Horvitz, 1980). Aldicarb, 2-methyl-2[methylthio]proprionaldehyde O-[methylcarbamoyl]oxime, was obtained from Chem Services (West Chester, PA) and was prepared as a 100 mM stock solution in 70% ethanol. Ald ...
Sequence Polymorphisms at the Reduced Dormancy 5
... between the four accessions showed that An-1 and Fei-0 contain an identical one bp deletion in the ...
... between the four accessions showed that An-1 and Fei-0 contain an identical one bp deletion in the ...
MA112 Expresso® Rhamnose SUMO Cloning and
... Expresso® Rhamnose SUMO Cloning and Expression System Vector, the PCR product is simply mixed with the pre-processed Vector and transformed directly into the provided high-efficiency chemically competent cells. Recombination within the host cells seamlessly joins the insert to the vector. Unlike ot ...
... Expresso® Rhamnose SUMO Cloning and Expression System Vector, the PCR product is simply mixed with the pre-processed Vector and transformed directly into the provided high-efficiency chemically competent cells. Recombination within the host cells seamlessly joins the insert to the vector. Unlike ot ...
Accumulation of xylem transported protein at pit membranes and
... material. Primary walls are based on cellulose fibre matrices interspersed with up to 800 different types of cell wall proteins (Albenne et al., 2009). The xylem pit membranes are traversed by tortuous pores with mean diameters at around 5 nm, as estimated by perfusion experiments with gold nano par ...
... material. Primary walls are based on cellulose fibre matrices interspersed with up to 800 different types of cell wall proteins (Albenne et al., 2009). The xylem pit membranes are traversed by tortuous pores with mean diameters at around 5 nm, as estimated by perfusion experiments with gold nano par ...
The Majority of Yeast UPF1 Co-localizes with Polyribosomes in the
... the cytoplasm and that UPF1 co-sediments with polyribosomes. To detect UPF1, three copies of the influenza hemagglutinin epitope were placed at the C-terminus. The tagged protein, UPF1-3EP, retains 86% (+ 5%) of function. Using immunological detection, we found that UPF1-3EP is primarily cytoplasmic ...
... the cytoplasm and that UPF1 co-sediments with polyribosomes. To detect UPF1, three copies of the influenza hemagglutinin epitope were placed at the C-terminus. The tagged protein, UPF1-3EP, retains 86% (+ 5%) of function. Using immunological detection, we found that UPF1-3EP is primarily cytoplasmic ...
Homologous and heterologous reconstitution of Golgi to chloroplast
... to the chloroplast envelope does not require Nethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF). This suggests that N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein ...
... to the chloroplast envelope does not require Nethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF). This suggests that N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein ...
Selected reaction monitoring applied to proteomics
... of low-abundance proteins in clinical biological fluids such as serum, plasma or synovial fluid, which represent an even more challenging task due to the complexity and large dynamic range of proteins present in such media. The first application of this type was the quantification of C-reactive prot ...
... of low-abundance proteins in clinical biological fluids such as serum, plasma or synovial fluid, which represent an even more challenging task due to the complexity and large dynamic range of proteins present in such media. The first application of this type was the quantification of C-reactive prot ...
1200 Paul Winter
... excessive bleeding from minor wounds, dental extractions, surgery, childbirth, oral bleeding, GI bleeding Unlike haemophilia, musculoskeletal bleeding (haemarthroses, muscle haematomas) is rare Serious bleeding only for severe forms (type 3 VWD). ...
... excessive bleeding from minor wounds, dental extractions, surgery, childbirth, oral bleeding, GI bleeding Unlike haemophilia, musculoskeletal bleeding (haemarthroses, muscle haematomas) is rare Serious bleeding only for severe forms (type 3 VWD). ...
N-Glycans
... ER. Following transfer of the 14-sugar Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 glycan to protein, glucosidases in the ER remove the three glucose residues, and ER mannosidase removes a mannose residue. These reactions are intimately associated with the folding of the glycoprotein assisted by the lectins calnexin and calret ...
... ER. Following transfer of the 14-sugar Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 glycan to protein, glucosidases in the ER remove the three glucose residues, and ER mannosidase removes a mannose residue. These reactions are intimately associated with the folding of the glycoprotein assisted by the lectins calnexin and calret ...
Functional Characterisation of Plant
... coexist with another endosymbiotic organelle, the chloroplast. Therefore, significant differences in mitochondrial biology have been observed to arise during plant mitochondrial evolution. One of them is a low level of conservation of the outer membrane proteome between plants and other groups of or ...
... coexist with another endosymbiotic organelle, the chloroplast. Therefore, significant differences in mitochondrial biology have been observed to arise during plant mitochondrial evolution. One of them is a low level of conservation of the outer membrane proteome between plants and other groups of or ...
Homologous and heterologous reconstitution of Golgi to chloroplast
... to the chloroplast envelope does not require Nethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF). This suggests that N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein ...
... to the chloroplast envelope does not require Nethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF). This suggests that N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein ...
Mitofilin complexes: conserved organizers of mitochondrial
... contact sites was first proposed by Hackenbrock 1968. In this study, isolated mitochondria were diluted into a buffer of high osmolarity, which leads to the extrusion of water and shrinking of the mitochondrial matrix compartment. Electron microscopy images showed that, under these conditions, the i ...
... contact sites was first proposed by Hackenbrock 1968. In this study, isolated mitochondria were diluted into a buffer of high osmolarity, which leads to the extrusion of water and shrinking of the mitochondrial matrix compartment. Electron microscopy images showed that, under these conditions, the i ...
Mapping the function of the NS3 protein of African horsesickness
... Determining the origin of viruses has largely been complicated, not only due to their inability to form fossils, but also due to lack of ancient viral DNA and RNA. Nevertheless, since viruses are dependent on living cells (host) for their replication and survival, it can be hypothesized that viruses ...
... Determining the origin of viruses has largely been complicated, not only due to their inability to form fossils, but also due to lack of ancient viral DNA and RNA. Nevertheless, since viruses are dependent on living cells (host) for their replication and survival, it can be hypothesized that viruses ...
Mechanisms of water-holding capacity of meat: The role
... that the postmortem metabolism in the muscle is accelerated, causing a more rapid pH decline than is seen in non-stressed animals. While the condition may not be as severe as that caused by the Halothane gene, protein denaturation does occur, and drip losses can be greater than in muscle that has a ...
... that the postmortem metabolism in the muscle is accelerated, causing a more rapid pH decline than is seen in non-stressed animals. While the condition may not be as severe as that caused by the Halothane gene, protein denaturation does occur, and drip losses can be greater than in muscle that has a ...
Glycolytic Enzymes Associate Dynamically with
... respiratory chain (Villani and Attardi, 2007), or increased by the addition of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), a proton ionophore that uncouples mitochondrial electron transport from ATP synthesis (Felle and Bentrup, 1977). In each case, a titration of KCN or CCCP against respiratio ...
... respiratory chain (Villani and Attardi, 2007), or increased by the addition of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), a proton ionophore that uncouples mitochondrial electron transport from ATP synthesis (Felle and Bentrup, 1977). In each case, a titration of KCN or CCCP against respiratio ...
Regulators of Lysosome Function and Dynamics in Caenorhabditis
... al. 2012). Primary lysosomes that are formed are thought to undergo cycles of homotypic fusion with each other using the HOPS complex and SNARES, and fission reactions that yield mature lysosomes that can fuse with late endosomes (WARD et al. 2000; WANG et al. 2003). In addition to all of these memb ...
... al. 2012). Primary lysosomes that are formed are thought to undergo cycles of homotypic fusion with each other using the HOPS complex and SNARES, and fission reactions that yield mature lysosomes that can fuse with late endosomes (WARD et al. 2000; WANG et al. 2003). In addition to all of these memb ...
Protein moonlighting
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/3EL3.png?width=300)
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.