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Control of alternative splicing in immune responses: many
... detect and quantify changes is not sufficient for rigorous conclusions. Indeed, in our hands, a minimum differential threshold of 20 percentage points has been required in analysis of RNA-Seq data in order for predicted changes to hold up to independent validation (6). Furthermore, the biologic sign ...
... detect and quantify changes is not sufficient for rigorous conclusions. Indeed, in our hands, a minimum differential threshold of 20 percentage points has been required in analysis of RNA-Seq data in order for predicted changes to hold up to independent validation (6). Furthermore, the biologic sign ...
Regulation of KNOLLE syntaxin - Journal of Cell Science
... a syntaxin and a SNAP25 protein or two t-SNARE light-chain proteins, interacts with the v-SNARE synaptobrevin on the vesicle membrane (Clague and Herrmann, 2000). There are numerous members of each SNARE protein family in yeast, animals and plants that have been implicated in diverse vesicle traffic ...
... a syntaxin and a SNAP25 protein or two t-SNARE light-chain proteins, interacts with the v-SNARE synaptobrevin on the vesicle membrane (Clague and Herrmann, 2000). There are numerous members of each SNARE protein family in yeast, animals and plants that have been implicated in diverse vesicle traffic ...
BMP binding domains in the extracellular space
... The full-length Xenopus procollagen IIA cDNA was excised with EcoRI from a pUC18 vector (a kind gift of Dr Francesco Ramirez) and ligated to pCS2. For the type IIA procollagen CR construct a PCR fragment (440 bp) containing the CR domain in a SacI-XbaI fragment was cloned into the same pCS2 expressi ...
... The full-length Xenopus procollagen IIA cDNA was excised with EcoRI from a pUC18 vector (a kind gift of Dr Francesco Ramirez) and ligated to pCS2. For the type IIA procollagen CR construct a PCR fragment (440 bp) containing the CR domain in a SacI-XbaI fragment was cloned into the same pCS2 expressi ...
Recombinant Cellulase and Cellulosome Systems
... Lignocellulosic biomass is a sustainable alternative to fossil resources, and has the added advantage of not competing with human and animal nutrition. Indeed, lignocellulosic biomass, in particular its main polymer component cellulose, is a potential carbon source for the production of fuels and co ...
... Lignocellulosic biomass is a sustainable alternative to fossil resources, and has the added advantage of not competing with human and animal nutrition. Indeed, lignocellulosic biomass, in particular its main polymer component cellulose, is a potential carbon source for the production of fuels and co ...
Agrobacterium: nature`s genetic engineer
... Since the biological functions encoded by these genes were not yet known, the full significance of these data could not be appreciated. However, the use of promoters encoded in the T-DNA proved invaluable in the genetic engineering of plants. Once a restriction map of an octopine Ti plasmid was gene ...
... Since the biological functions encoded by these genes were not yet known, the full significance of these data could not be appreciated. However, the use of promoters encoded in the T-DNA proved invaluable in the genetic engineering of plants. Once a restriction map of an octopine Ti plasmid was gene ...
The TN5 Transposon - Biochemistry | UW-Madison
... strategies, perhaps not surprisingly, are similar to ones found for other bacterial genetic systems.In addition to the role of host functions, transposable elementencoded-functionsoften play a critical role in this regulation. Implicit in the above general description is the fact that several very i ...
... strategies, perhaps not surprisingly, are similar to ones found for other bacterial genetic systems.In addition to the role of host functions, transposable elementencoded-functionsoften play a critical role in this regulation. Implicit in the above general description is the fact that several very i ...
Datasheet Blank Template - Santa Cruz Biotechnology
... morphogen, dorsal. Both proteins specifically bind to DNA sequences that are the same or slight variations of the 10 bp κB sequence in the immunoglobulin κ light chain enhancer. This same sequence is also present in a number of other cellular and viral enhancers. The DNA binding activity of NFκB is ...
... morphogen, dorsal. Both proteins specifically bind to DNA sequences that are the same or slight variations of the 10 bp κB sequence in the immunoglobulin κ light chain enhancer. This same sequence is also present in a number of other cellular and viral enhancers. The DNA binding activity of NFκB is ...
Functional Diversiication within the Family of B
... In all four genomes, we identified B-GATAs with or without an LLM domain, but we did not identify any LLM domain containing proteins outside of the B-GATA family (Fig. 1; Supplemental Fig. S1). In each case, the LLM domain was positioned at the very C terminus of the B-GATAs, and the proteins shared ...
... In all four genomes, we identified B-GATAs with or without an LLM domain, but we did not identify any LLM domain containing proteins outside of the B-GATA family (Fig. 1; Supplemental Fig. S1). In each case, the LLM domain was positioned at the very C terminus of the B-GATAs, and the proteins shared ...
alpha-amylase from bacillus licheniformis
... The α-amylase described in this document is a genetically engineered enzyme that is thermo-stable and active at a relatively low pH and low calcium concentration. These characteristics make the enzyme particularly suitable for use in starch hydrolysis conducted at high temperatures, for example, for ...
... The α-amylase described in this document is a genetically engineered enzyme that is thermo-stable and active at a relatively low pH and low calcium concentration. These characteristics make the enzyme particularly suitable for use in starch hydrolysis conducted at high temperatures, for example, for ...
Comparative Analysis of ,Multiple Protein
... highly conservedthroughout a given protein family has Many multiple sequence alignment programs and diminished value for detecting new biologically inforvarious scoring sche,meshave been developedto analyze mative patterns. The multiple protein-seqcence alignment protkm potential relationshi'p among ...
... highly conservedthroughout a given protein family has Many multiple sequence alignment programs and diminished value for detecting new biologically inforvarious scoring sche,meshave been developedto analyze mative patterns. The multiple protein-seqcence alignment protkm potential relationshi'p among ...
PAR Proteins Regulate Microtubule Dynamics at
... p values from Student’s t tests (unpaired, homoscedastic) were obtained by comparing individual microtubule stability between various backgrounds by using the Bonferroni method of multiple comparisons. Because 17 comparisons were made for each method, values were considered significantly different i ...
... p values from Student’s t tests (unpaired, homoscedastic) were obtained by comparing individual microtubule stability between various backgrounds by using the Bonferroni method of multiple comparisons. Because 17 comparisons were made for each method, values were considered significantly different i ...
Chloroplast envelope membranes: a dynamic interface between
... of lipids and terpenoid compounds serving numerous biochemical functions and the flexibility of their biosynthetic pathways allow plants to adapt to fluctuating environmental conditions (for instance phosphate deprivation). A large body of knowledge has been generated by proteomic studies targeted t ...
... of lipids and terpenoid compounds serving numerous biochemical functions and the flexibility of their biosynthetic pathways allow plants to adapt to fluctuating environmental conditions (for instance phosphate deprivation). A large body of knowledge has been generated by proteomic studies targeted t ...
Studies on the Mechanisms of Homolog Pairing and Sister
... vertebrate cells) from yeast to human. SMC1 and SMC3 are members of Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) proteins, a superfamily that has multiple functions in regulating the structural and functional organization of chromosomes from bacteria to human, such as chromosome and sister chromatid ...
... vertebrate cells) from yeast to human. SMC1 and SMC3 are members of Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) proteins, a superfamily that has multiple functions in regulating the structural and functional organization of chromosomes from bacteria to human, such as chromosome and sister chromatid ...
The Role of Cyclin B in Meiosis I
... play any role in controlling the very early cell cycles. Instead, during the cleavage divisions, the cells seem to rely entirely on internal regulation. The key regulatory events control the rise in MPF activity across the cycle, which drives cells into M phase, and the loss of MPF activity at the e ...
... play any role in controlling the very early cell cycles. Instead, during the cleavage divisions, the cells seem to rely entirely on internal regulation. The key regulatory events control the rise in MPF activity across the cycle, which drives cells into M phase, and the loss of MPF activity at the e ...
Nicotinamidase modulation of NAD biosynthesis and nicotinamide
... Nicotinamidase modulation of NAD+ biosynthesis and nicotinamide levels separately affect reproductive development and cell survival in C. elegans Tracy L. Vrablik*, Li Huang*,†, Stephanie E. Lange and Wendy Hanna-Rose‡ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a central molecule in cellular metabo ...
... Nicotinamidase modulation of NAD+ biosynthesis and nicotinamide levels separately affect reproductive development and cell survival in C. elegans Tracy L. Vrablik*, Li Huang*,†, Stephanie E. Lange and Wendy Hanna-Rose‡ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a central molecule in cellular metabo ...
Secretion-Defective Mutations in the Signal Sequence for Saccharomyces cerevisiae Invertase.
... identified by restriction digestion analysis. When these mutant plasmids were introduced into yeast cells, three of them (suc2-321, suc2-331, and suc2-301) expressed beta-galactosidase activity. DNA sequence analysis of each of these plasmids showed that all had short deletions within the SUC2 signa ...
... identified by restriction digestion analysis. When these mutant plasmids were introduced into yeast cells, three of them (suc2-321, suc2-331, and suc2-301) expressed beta-galactosidase activity. DNA sequence analysis of each of these plasmids showed that all had short deletions within the SUC2 signa ...
A processed form of the Spätzle protein defines dorsal
... Fig. 1. Rescue of dorsal-ventral pattern elements by perivitelline injection of polarizing activity. Cuticular patterns of uninjected (A,B) and injected (C) embryos and gastrulation patterns of uninjected (D,E) and injected (F,G) embryos. All embryos are shown dorsal side up, anterior to the left. T ...
... Fig. 1. Rescue of dorsal-ventral pattern elements by perivitelline injection of polarizing activity. Cuticular patterns of uninjected (A,B) and injected (C) embryos and gastrulation patterns of uninjected (D,E) and injected (F,G) embryos. All embryos are shown dorsal side up, anterior to the left. T ...
Rab Proteins and the Organization of Organelle Membrane Domains
... One of the purposes of a membrane domain is to establish and maintain membrane identity to thereby ensure intracellular transport directionality. Intracellular transport is a multistep process, which includes cargo selection, coated-vesicle formation, directed vesicular movement, target membrane rec ...
... One of the purposes of a membrane domain is to establish and maintain membrane identity to thereby ensure intracellular transport directionality. Intracellular transport is a multistep process, which includes cargo selection, coated-vesicle formation, directed vesicular movement, target membrane rec ...
Genetic and biochemical analysis of the adenylyl cyclase of
... Such cells behave very similarly to haploid strains containing the cyrl disruption (Figure 5). They conjugate and sporulate at a high frequency before nutrient starvation, suggesting that expression of the amino-terminal domain interferes with adenylyl cyclase function. Such interference may reflect ...
... Such cells behave very similarly to haploid strains containing the cyrl disruption (Figure 5). They conjugate and sporulate at a high frequency before nutrient starvation, suggesting that expression of the amino-terminal domain interferes with adenylyl cyclase function. Such interference may reflect ...
Many ways to telomere dysfunction: in vivo studies using
... (Boulton and Jackson, 1996, 1998; Laroche et al., 1998; Gravel et al., 1998; Nugent et al., 1998b). The analysis of Ku86 de®cient mice, however, depicts a very dierent scenario. Although Ku86 de®ciency in the mouse results in telomeric fusions (Bailey et al., 1999; Hsu et al., 2000; Samper et al., ...
... (Boulton and Jackson, 1996, 1998; Laroche et al., 1998; Gravel et al., 1998; Nugent et al., 1998b). The analysis of Ku86 de®cient mice, however, depicts a very dierent scenario. Although Ku86 de®ciency in the mouse results in telomeric fusions (Bailey et al., 1999; Hsu et al., 2000; Samper et al., ...
GO - Buffalo Ontology Site
... and at all such times these instances are necessarily (of their very nature) also instances of B 1. eukaryotic cell is-a cell 2. terminal glycosylation is-a protein ...
... and at all such times these instances are necessarily (of their very nature) also instances of B 1. eukaryotic cell is-a cell 2. terminal glycosylation is-a protein ...
Misregulation of autophagy and protein degradation systems in
... AVMs are a group of lysosomal storage diseases primarily affecting cardiac and/or skeletal muscle. Pompe disease (or GSD II) is owing to a defect in lysosomal GAA enzyme (Raben et al., 2002), Danon disease (or GSD IIb) is caused by the lack of LAMP2 (Nishino et al., 2000), and Xlinked myopathy with ...
... AVMs are a group of lysosomal storage diseases primarily affecting cardiac and/or skeletal muscle. Pompe disease (or GSD II) is owing to a defect in lysosomal GAA enzyme (Raben et al., 2002), Danon disease (or GSD IIb) is caused by the lack of LAMP2 (Nishino et al., 2000), and Xlinked myopathy with ...
Antisense-mediated FLC transcriptional repression requires the P
... where the native FLC 3′ region from the translation stop codon to past the poly (A) site (which corresponds to the COOLAIR promoter, the COOLAIR first intron, and the beginning of the COOLAIR second exon) was replaced by the 3′ untranslated region from the translation stop codon to past the poly (A) ...
... where the native FLC 3′ region from the translation stop codon to past the poly (A) site (which corresponds to the COOLAIR promoter, the COOLAIR first intron, and the beginning of the COOLAIR second exon) was replaced by the 3′ untranslated region from the translation stop codon to past the poly (A) ...
Identification of the Factors Responsible for the Interaction of
... not been well understood [10]. Thus, disrupting the complex formed by Hsp90 and its specific client proteins in cancer cells has been considered to be a potential therapeutic approach. It is a multi-domain protein consisting of three domains: an N-terminal ATP-binding domain (N); a middle domain (M ...
... not been well understood [10]. Thus, disrupting the complex formed by Hsp90 and its specific client proteins in cancer cells has been considered to be a potential therapeutic approach. It is a multi-domain protein consisting of three domains: an N-terminal ATP-binding domain (N); a middle domain (M ...
Protein moonlighting
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/3EL3.png?width=300)
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.