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Homo-Dimeric Spherulin 3a: A Single
Homo-Dimeric Spherulin 3a: A Single

... presence of DTT as a reducing agent clearly proves this interpretation to be valid. To ensure a well-defined state of association of the native protein and to avoid side reactions of the cysteine residues (e.g., aggregation of the thermally denaturated protein), the cysteine in position 4 was replac ...
of Pseudomonas aeruginosa - BMC Microbiology
of Pseudomonas aeruginosa - BMC Microbiology

... peptidoglycan turnover and recycling. One of the regulatory mechanisms for AmpC expression, recently identified in clinical isolates, is the inactivation of LMM-PBP4 (Low-Molecular-Mass Penicillin-Binding Protein 4), a protein whose catalytic activity on natural substrates has remained uncharacteriz ...
Nuclear–chloroplast
Nuclear–chloroplast

... A complex of proteins has been identified that binds to the 5′ UTR of the psbA mRNA. Of these proteins (RB60, RB55, RB47 and RB38), the 47 kDa protein shows homology to poly(A) binding proteins (PABP) [26•]. Although chloroplast transcripts generally lack poly (A) tails, the psbA mRNA contains an A- ...
SIRT3 - Safic-Alcan Italia
SIRT3 - Safic-Alcan Italia

... is the third member of the mammalian sirtuin family. The SIRT3 gene encodes the protein SIRT3, which exhibits NAD+-dependent deacetylase activity. ƒ SIRT3 is a member of the sirtuin family of proteins, homologs to the yeast Sir2 protein. Members of the sirtuin family are characterized by a sirtuin c ...
Investigation of the interactions between MreB, the
Investigation of the interactions between MreB, the

... allosteric communication, also differs from GroEL. Furthermore, TRiC is larger than GroEL with a broader opening of the chaperonin chamber. (5) Despite these differences, TRiC and GroEL are in many ways similar. As mentioned in the introduction to this report, studies on actin by Villebeck et al. (5 ...
Cellulose Binding Domains of a Phytophthora Cell Wall Protein Are
Cellulose Binding Domains of a Phytophthora Cell Wall Protein Are

... Because the PVX-based expression system does not require purification of the proteins under study, it is very convenient for screening a large array of modified proteins. This approach was first used to search for structural motifs involved in the elicitor activity of CBEL. The occurrence of two CBD ...
CentrosomeDB: a new generation of the
CentrosomeDB: a new generation of the

... references to proteins or genes considered or experimentally determined as centrosomal, and were added to the database with the strongest level of confidence. Up to 120 genes were annotated from the Human Protein Reference Database (HPRD) (11) and 469 from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) (12). These tw ...
6.1 Summary DTCs are widely used chemicals that are teratogenic
6.1 Summary DTCs are widely used chemicals that are teratogenic

... incubated with DTCs while this was not observed after incorporation of the copper chelator NCu. Together, these data demonstrated that DTCs inhibit zebrafish lysyl oxidase activity ex vivo and in vivo. Since DTCs caused craniofacial abnormalities in developing zebrafish embryos (Chapter 2) and were ...
Temperature-sensitive control of protein activity by conditionally
Temperature-sensitive control of protein activity by conditionally

... of their products. The use of temperature-sensitive alleles is a wellestablished method that is applicable to any organism upon which temperature changes can be imposed. These include viruses, prokaryotes, yeasts, insects, plants and even amphibia and fish1. However, identifying and recovering tempe ...
on the enzyme
on the enzyme

... On the enzyme, there is a place where the target molecule can attach. This place is called the active site. The target molecule/chemical is the substrate. ...
Ribosome - SRP - signal sequence interactions
Ribosome - SRP - signal sequence interactions

... known to induce the binding of the signal recognition particle (SRP) to the translating ribosome (at least in eukaryotes, but possibly also in prokaryotes [1,2]), thus targeting the ribosome to export sites on the membrane. Furthermore, once it binds to the ribosome, SRP seems to bring about a trans ...
TCPDF Example 021
TCPDF Example 021

... 1. Extended identification of gene expression in various cell lines and tissues, using high throughput technologies. 2. Exome analysis and identification of potential disease genes. 3. Prediction of mutations for mutagenesis. 4. Epitope identification for antibody development. 5. In-silico molecular ...
Modulation of Retinoblastoma and Retinoblastoma
Modulation of Retinoblastoma and Retinoblastoma

... The Rb3 gene is one of the better characterized members of the tumor suppressor gene family. It was originally identified and eventually cloned by virtue of its absence in a number of Rb tumor cell lines (1-3). Subsequent studies revealed that inactivation of the Rb gene was a frequent event in tumo ...
Gene Section STK11 (serine/threonine kinase 11) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
Gene Section STK11 (serine/threonine kinase 11) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics

... may occur is by the interaction of STK11 with the PAR1 family of serine/threonine kinases. AMPK is a protein kinase cascade that plays an important role in regulating energy homeostasis. The first report of an upstream regulator came when it was discovered that STK11, in complex with STRAD and the s ...
Strategies for Performing Dynamic Gene Perturbation Experiments in Flowers
Strategies for Performing Dynamic Gene Perturbation Experiments in Flowers

... candidates for further analysis (Notes 8-9). However, the phenotype produced after activating the transgene should be carefully examined. 7. Select several independent lines and, if using the GR/AR fusion technique, perform Western blotting analysis, using an anti-GR or anti-AR antibody, in the seco ...
what lipids do - staging.files.cms.plus.com
what lipids do - staging.files.cms.plus.com

... can bind via various mechanisms to membrane proteins and influence their activities. Glycosphingolipids carry complex carbohydrate moieties that have a part to play in the immune system, for example. Lipids have been implicated in a number of human disease states, including cancer and cardiovascular ...
Document
Document

... In 1991, at the EU meeting on genome programs in Elounda, Greece, the presentation of the yeast chromosome III and the first 100 kb of the Bacillus subtilis genome revealed that, contrary to expectation (the only cases where this had been observed were phages, for obvious reasons), at least half of ...
Muscle atrophy L
Muscle atrophy L

... Comparing   gene   expression   in   different   models   of   muscle   atrophy   led   to   the   identification   of   a   subset   of   genes   that   are   commonly   up-­‐   or   down   regulated   in   atrophying  muscle.  Genes  are ...
Domain organization of human cleavage factor Im 1 Distinct
Domain organization of human cleavage factor Im 1 Distinct

... the 68!kDa protein the RRM and the RS-like domain are separated by a region with high proline content (47%). SR proteins bound to specific RNA sequence elements are thought to recruit key splicing factors thus enhancing the recognition of splice sites and controlling splice site selection in a conce ...
Inhibition of T7 Development at High Concentrations of the Phage
Inhibition of T7 Development at High Concentrations of the Phage

... Development of T-bacteriophages in Escherichia coli is dependent upon the multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) and markedly influenced by superinfection. However, these effects are quite different in T-even and T-odd systems. Lysis inhibition is observed after superinfection in a T2 or T4 system: lysi ...
Chromatin Remodeling - Molecular Pharmacology
Chromatin Remodeling - Molecular Pharmacology

... machinery (Figure 1) (see reviews by (Colvis et al., 2005; Jenuwein and Allis, 2001; Turner, 2002). Access of DNA in the nucleosome occurs via enzymatic remodeling mechanisms involving a complex association of proteins. The amino acid residues in the C-terminal tails of histones are targets for a wi ...
68 Advances in Environmental Biology, 4(1): 68-73, 2010 ISSN 1995-0756
68 Advances in Environmental Biology, 4(1): 68-73, 2010 ISSN 1995-0756

... Adv. Environ. Biol., 4(1): 68-73, 2010 Table 1: Components of the PCR ...
Design and application of stimulus
Design and application of stimulus

... novo creation of bis-amphiphilic peptides that switched states from an a-helix to a b-sheet in aqueous solution in a pH-dependent manner (Mutter et al., 1991). Peptides inspired by segments of the native proteins IsK and hen egg white lysozyme that self-assemble into gels comprising b-sheet tapes we ...
Uniikki kuitu
Uniikki kuitu

... It consists of biologically significant sites, patterns and profiles that help to reliably identify to which known protein family (if any) a new sequence belongs. ...
The Xanthomonas effector XopJ triggers a conditional
The Xanthomonas effector XopJ triggers a conditional

... In nature, plants are continuously attacked by a broad range of potential pathogens. However, the majority of plants are resistant to most pathogen species. This form of resistance is known as non-host resistance (NHR) and can be defined as a broad-spectrum plant defense that provides immunity to all ...
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Protein moonlighting



Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.
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