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Outsmart Cancer, Eliminate Poisonous Toxins, Boost Antioxidant
Outsmart Cancer, Eliminate Poisonous Toxins, Boost Antioxidant

... feed and build muscle tissue. Approximately one third of muscle tissue is composed of branched chain amino acids. The body requires higher amounts of BCAA during and following exercise, because they are taken up directly by the skeletal muscles, versus first being metabolized through the liver, like ...
Immunochemical methods
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Enzymes for Pharma Applications

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hos1 - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
hos1 - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press

... the components and correct functioning of the clock itself play an important role in gating temperature signal transduction (Thomashow, 2010; Keily et  al., 2013). Therefore, although it is common to compartmentalize phenotypes and functions within one pathway or another, it is important to consider ...
Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology (2001) 59, 33-43
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... The deduced amino-acid sequences were round highly similar to other PR-10 with, as expected, highest degrees of sequence identity to Mal d 1 isoforms. In particular, AP2 was round nearly identical to AP15 (accession No: L42952), a Mal d 1 isoform from M. domestica cv. Golden Delicious induced during ...
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Insuperable Problems Of The Genetic Code Initially
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Text S1, DOCX file, 0.03 MB
Text S1, DOCX file, 0.03 MB

... coverage across the remaining portions of the scaffold remained largely unchanged, indicating that the scaffold was unlikely to be a result of misassembly (Figure S2B). Two regions still indicated 2x coverage compared to the scaffold average around the 19kb and 55kb. The first region coded for trans ...
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PDF

... C02H-terminal parts can be incorporated into this membrane in vivo [Bremer et al. (1982) Eur. J. Biochem. 222, 223 - 2311. The possibility that these fragments can be used, via gene fusions, as vehicles to transport other proteins to the outer membrane has been investigated. To test whether fragment ...
gen-305-presentation-13-2016
gen-305-presentation-13-2016

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One of the crucial proteins to influence type 2 diabetes
One of the crucial proteins to influence type 2 diabetes

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Protein moonlighting



Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.
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