Databases
... NCBI - RefSeq • The RefSeq database is a curated collection of DNA, RNA, and protein sequences built by NCBI. • RefSeq provides only one example of each natural biological molecule for major organisms ranging from viruses to bacteria to eukaryotes. • For each model organism, RefSeq aims to provide ...
... NCBI - RefSeq • The RefSeq database is a curated collection of DNA, RNA, and protein sequences built by NCBI. • RefSeq provides only one example of each natural biological molecule for major organisms ranging from viruses to bacteria to eukaryotes. • For each model organism, RefSeq aims to provide ...
Bioinformatics 3 V7 * Function Annotation, Gene Regulation
... • several general transcription factors have to bind to gene promoter • specific enhancers or repressors may bind • then the RNA polymerase binds • and starts transcription ...
... • several general transcription factors have to bind to gene promoter • specific enhancers or repressors may bind • then the RNA polymerase binds • and starts transcription ...
Stress signaling from the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum
... linked glycan is an intermediate in the trimming process. Calnexin and calreticulin bind most avidly to monoglucosylated forms of the N-linked core structure and promote folding, delay oligomerization, and prevent degradation of some glycoproteins (Hebert et al. 1995, 1996). Prolonged association wi ...
... linked glycan is an intermediate in the trimming process. Calnexin and calreticulin bind most avidly to monoglucosylated forms of the N-linked core structure and promote folding, delay oligomerization, and prevent degradation of some glycoproteins (Hebert et al. 1995, 1996). Prolonged association wi ...
Should Dane county allow ATC to put up a new transmission
... • Myosin is the main, thick structural protein in the sarcomere. It has cross bridges for attaching to the Actin protein. • Actin is the main, thin structural protein in the sarcomere. Each actin molecule has a binding site that can attach with a Myosin cross bridge. • Actin and myosin are contracti ...
... • Myosin is the main, thick structural protein in the sarcomere. It has cross bridges for attaching to the Actin protein. • Actin is the main, thin structural protein in the sarcomere. Each actin molecule has a binding site that can attach with a Myosin cross bridge. • Actin and myosin are contracti ...
Solid Tumour Section Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH)). Activation of the EWSR1-ATF1 oncogene is probably an early step in the transformation process, but the overall gene expression patterns are likely to vary considerably between AFH and CCS, in keeping with their clinopathologic differences. EWS/ATF1 functions ...
... Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH)). Activation of the EWSR1-ATF1 oncogene is probably an early step in the transformation process, but the overall gene expression patterns are likely to vary considerably between AFH and CCS, in keeping with their clinopathologic differences. EWS/ATF1 functions ...
Bacterial ancestry of actin and tubulin Fusinita van den Ent, Linda
... is powered by dynamic polymerisation of MSP. (The exact mechanism of MSP polymerisation in vivo is not known. In vitro, ethanol was used to induce reducible polymerisation, and experiments are underway that show that accessory proteins may be involved in the control of MSP polymerisation.) The struc ...
... is powered by dynamic polymerisation of MSP. (The exact mechanism of MSP polymerisation in vivo is not known. In vitro, ethanol was used to induce reducible polymerisation, and experiments are underway that show that accessory proteins may be involved in the control of MSP polymerisation.) The struc ...
Embryonic Left-Right Asymmetry
... 2) Timing data suggest that GJC/ion flux operates at stages long prior to the appearance of cilia, suggesting that cilia cannot be “Step 1” in chick or frog embryos. 3) The cilia model predicts that node cells generate LR information intrinsically. Data show that LR signals move along large-scale pa ...
... 2) Timing data suggest that GJC/ion flux operates at stages long prior to the appearance of cilia, suggesting that cilia cannot be “Step 1” in chick or frog embryos. 3) The cilia model predicts that node cells generate LR information intrinsically. Data show that LR signals move along large-scale pa ...
Sample preparation and analytical strategies for
... precautions must be taken to avoid unintentional isolation of protein contaminants that could be introduced depending on the cell types and culturing conditions used. For example, adherent cells should be scraped rapidly under ice rather than using trypsin to avoid the release of cell surface compon ...
... precautions must be taken to avoid unintentional isolation of protein contaminants that could be introduced depending on the cell types and culturing conditions used. For example, adherent cells should be scraped rapidly under ice rather than using trypsin to avoid the release of cell surface compon ...
Tissue-Specific Expression and Promoter Analysis of the Tobacco
... These proteins transfer lipids between membranes i n vitro, but their in vivo function remains hotly debated. This gene also serves as an important early marker for epidermis differentiation. We report here, the analysis of the spatial and developmental activity of the Nfltpl promoter, and we define ...
... These proteins transfer lipids between membranes i n vitro, but their in vivo function remains hotly debated. This gene also serves as an important early marker for epidermis differentiation. We report here, the analysis of the spatial and developmental activity of the Nfltpl promoter, and we define ...
Text S1.
... “For the smaller non-polar residues this number is equal to the maximum area loss that could occur in going from an isolated α-helix to a fully buried environment in the complex. For the larger non-polar residues only a fraction of this value is used since they can never be totally buried in a singl ...
... “For the smaller non-polar residues this number is equal to the maximum area loss that could occur in going from an isolated α-helix to a fully buried environment in the complex. For the larger non-polar residues only a fraction of this value is used since they can never be totally buried in a singl ...
Alpha-COPI Coatomer Protein Is Required for Rough Endoplasmic
... we prepared total protein extracts from midguts of unfed and amino acid fed (30 min and 120 min post feeding) mosquitoes, and analyzed the extracts by Western blotting using a KDELspecific antibody as shown in Figure 3. Four distinct protein bands were observed, two of which appeared to decrease in ...
... we prepared total protein extracts from midguts of unfed and amino acid fed (30 min and 120 min post feeding) mosquitoes, and analyzed the extracts by Western blotting using a KDELspecific antibody as shown in Figure 3. Four distinct protein bands were observed, two of which appeared to decrease in ...
슬라이드 1
... With the help of specially programmed supercomputers researchers can test new enzyme structures in a virtual environment. Even slight changes in an enzyme can result in amazing improvements in stability • An enzyme consists of several hundreds of amino acids located in a delicate threedimensional st ...
... With the help of specially programmed supercomputers researchers can test new enzyme structures in a virtual environment. Even slight changes in an enzyme can result in amazing improvements in stability • An enzyme consists of several hundreds of amino acids located in a delicate threedimensional st ...
The Drosophila FoxP gene is necessary for operant self
... gene did not lead to alterations of the gross brain anatomy, nor to an impairment in operant world-learning, i.e., color-learning, compared to control flies. However, both fly strains were impaired in operant self-learning, i.e., yaw-torque learning without any environmental predictors. Neither the ...
... gene did not lead to alterations of the gross brain anatomy, nor to an impairment in operant world-learning, i.e., color-learning, compared to control flies. However, both fly strains were impaired in operant self-learning, i.e., yaw-torque learning without any environmental predictors. Neither the ...
ap biology 2007 scoring guidelines - AP Central
... The intent of this question was to assess students’ understanding of membrane structure and function. The two-part question asked them to describe the structure and function of macromolecular components of the plasma membrane and to discuss the role of membranes in several cellular and biological pr ...
... The intent of this question was to assess students’ understanding of membrane structure and function. The two-part question asked them to describe the structure and function of macromolecular components of the plasma membrane and to discuss the role of membranes in several cellular and biological pr ...
to the complete text
... an interaction with the Sec23p complex [21••], although no direct binding of these components has been demonstrated. Thus, sorting of membrane cargo could occur by a direct interaction between the cytoplasmic domain of the cargo protein and coat components. Sorting of soluble cargo requires involvem ...
... an interaction with the Sec23p complex [21••], although no direct binding of these components has been demonstrated. Thus, sorting of membrane cargo could occur by a direct interaction between the cytoplasmic domain of the cargo protein and coat components. Sorting of soluble cargo requires involvem ...
ENZYME Test REVIEW Answers
... geometry of the substrate. The inhibitor competes for the same active site as the substrate molecule. The inhibitor may interact with the enzyme at the active site, but no reaction takes place. The inhibitor is "stuck" on the enzyme and prevents any substrate molecules from reacting with the enzyme. ...
... geometry of the substrate. The inhibitor competes for the same active site as the substrate molecule. The inhibitor may interact with the enzyme at the active site, but no reaction takes place. The inhibitor is "stuck" on the enzyme and prevents any substrate molecules from reacting with the enzyme. ...
School of Biochemistry International visiting and Immunology student options
... This module covers the structure and function of biological membranes, the cytokeleton, signal transduction pathways and associated human pathologies. The endocrine system in the regulation of metabolic, excretory and reproductive processes in mammals is also explored in detail. Practicals investiga ...
... This module covers the structure and function of biological membranes, the cytokeleton, signal transduction pathways and associated human pathologies. The endocrine system in the regulation of metabolic, excretory and reproductive processes in mammals is also explored in detail. Practicals investiga ...
Arabidopsis Ethylene-Responsive Element Binding
... By contrast, AtERF3 and AtERF4 (class II ERFs) did not activate transcription but appeared to repress reporter gene activity. Coexpression of AtERF3 or AtERF4 with the 4⫻HLS reporter construct resulted in a 50% reduction in the basal LUC activity. Furthermore, coexpression of AtERF3, AtERF5, and the ...
... By contrast, AtERF3 and AtERF4 (class II ERFs) did not activate transcription but appeared to repress reporter gene activity. Coexpression of AtERF3 or AtERF4 with the 4⫻HLS reporter construct resulted in a 50% reduction in the basal LUC activity. Furthermore, coexpression of AtERF3, AtERF5, and the ...
Emerging Understanding of Minireview
... (RFs): one, codon-specific (RF-1 and RF-2 in prokaryotes; eRF-1 in eukaryotes) and the other, non-specific (RF-3 in prokaryotes; eRF-3 in eukaryotes). The underlying mechanism for translation termination represents a long-standing coding problem of considerable interest. It entails protein–RNA recog ...
... (RFs): one, codon-specific (RF-1 and RF-2 in prokaryotes; eRF-1 in eukaryotes) and the other, non-specific (RF-3 in prokaryotes; eRF-3 in eukaryotes). The underlying mechanism for translation termination represents a long-standing coding problem of considerable interest. It entails protein–RNA recog ...
Baculovirus Expression Vectors: the
... the Klenow fragment of DN A polymerase, dephosphorylated and ligated to a BamHI linker. After digestion with BamHI, the DNA was circularized and used to transform E. coli. Among the transformants a plasmid was obtained that sequence analyses indicated possessed the A of the initiating ATG codon and ...
... the Klenow fragment of DN A polymerase, dephosphorylated and ligated to a BamHI linker. After digestion with BamHI, the DNA was circularized and used to transform E. coli. Among the transformants a plasmid was obtained that sequence analyses indicated possessed the A of the initiating ATG codon and ...
ASCB2004 - Clinical Neurophysiology
... Acute quadriplegic myopathy (AQM), which is characterized by symmetrical weakness and/or paralysis of spinal nerve innervated muscles and intact sensory and cognitive function, affects a large percentage of patients requiring mechanical ventilation. However, the mechanisms underlying AQM are poorly ...
... Acute quadriplegic myopathy (AQM), which is characterized by symmetrical weakness and/or paralysis of spinal nerve innervated muscles and intact sensory and cognitive function, affects a large percentage of patients requiring mechanical ventilation. However, the mechanisms underlying AQM are poorly ...
Quality control gone wrong: mitochondria, lysosomal storage
... in cellular and mitochondrial quality control (Rubinsztein, 2006; Martinez-Vicente and Cuervo, 2007; Pan et al., 2008). Dysfunctional mitochondria can be harmful to the cell as complex I (CI; and to a lesser extent CIII) of the respiratory chain generate damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS; Chance ...
... in cellular and mitochondrial quality control (Rubinsztein, 2006; Martinez-Vicente and Cuervo, 2007; Pan et al., 2008). Dysfunctional mitochondria can be harmful to the cell as complex I (CI; and to a lesser extent CIII) of the respiratory chain generate damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS; Chance ...
Lac Operon - Iowa State University
... 8. What is the function of cAMP in regulation of the lac operon? a) it activates a repressor protein b) it activates an activator protein c) it inactivates a repressor protein d) it inactivates an activator protein 9. 14. A mutant E. coli strain, grown under conditions that normally induce the lac o ...
... 8. What is the function of cAMP in regulation of the lac operon? a) it activates a repressor protein b) it activates an activator protein c) it inactivates a repressor protein d) it inactivates an activator protein 9. 14. A mutant E. coli strain, grown under conditions that normally induce the lac o ...
Serine/Arginine-rich proteins Physcomitrella patens Andreas Ring
... been done. SR-proteins are a conserved family of splicing regulators essential for constitutive- and alternative splicing. SR-proteins are mediators of alternative splicing (AS) and may be alternatively spliced themselves as a form of gene regulation. Three novel SR-proteins of the SR-subfamily were ...
... been done. SR-proteins are a conserved family of splicing regulators essential for constitutive- and alternative splicing. SR-proteins are mediators of alternative splicing (AS) and may be alternatively spliced themselves as a form of gene regulation. Three novel SR-proteins of the SR-subfamily were ...
Overcoming the codon bias of E. coli for enhanced protein expression
... in codon usage can impede translation due to the demand for one or more tRNAs that may be rare or lacking in the population (3–5). Insufficient tRNA pools can lead to translational stalling, premature translation termination, translation frameshifting and amino acid misincorporation (4). In practice ...
... in codon usage can impede translation due to the demand for one or more tRNAs that may be rare or lacking in the population (3–5). Insufficient tRNA pools can lead to translational stalling, premature translation termination, translation frameshifting and amino acid misincorporation (4). In practice ...
Protein moonlighting
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.