Chapter 3 Objectives
... otherwise the compound is called ketone (for this one, there must be at least three carbons). Carboxyl group: is found in carboxylic acids. The hydrogen of this group can dissociate to some extent, making the molecule a weak acid. Amino group: can accept an H+, thereby acting as a base. Themes in re ...
... otherwise the compound is called ketone (for this one, there must be at least three carbons). Carboxyl group: is found in carboxylic acids. The hydrogen of this group can dissociate to some extent, making the molecule a weak acid. Amino group: can accept an H+, thereby acting as a base. Themes in re ...
0495116572_102921
... • Hydrolysis of thioester bond of acetyl CoA drives phosphorylation of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) • Succinate dehydrogenase reaction • Fumerase incorporates H2O across double bond of fumarate to form malate • Malate converted to oxaloacetate ...
... • Hydrolysis of thioester bond of acetyl CoA drives phosphorylation of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) • Succinate dehydrogenase reaction • Fumerase incorporates H2O across double bond of fumarate to form malate • Malate converted to oxaloacetate ...
Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Twelfth Edition
... Rhizobia are the most well-known nitrogen-fixing bacteria engaging in these symbioses ...
... Rhizobia are the most well-known nitrogen-fixing bacteria engaging in these symbioses ...
lec32_F2015
... Catabolic role: Amino acids, fats, and sugars enter the TCA cycle to produce energy. Acetyl CoA is a central intermediate Anabolic role: TCA cycle provides starting material for fats and amino acids. Note: carbohydrates cannot be synthesized from acetyl-CoA by humans. PyruvateAcetyl CoA is one ...
... Catabolic role: Amino acids, fats, and sugars enter the TCA cycle to produce energy. Acetyl CoA is a central intermediate Anabolic role: TCA cycle provides starting material for fats and amino acids. Note: carbohydrates cannot be synthesized from acetyl-CoA by humans. PyruvateAcetyl CoA is one ...
19-1 Bacteria
... Photoautotrophs use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds and oxygen. Chemoautotrophs perform chemosynthesis. They make organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide, but do not require light as energy. ...
... Photoautotrophs use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds and oxygen. Chemoautotrophs perform chemosynthesis. They make organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide, but do not require light as energy. ...
Energy Conversion Pathways 1. Substrate level phosphorylation
... form of NADH between both sides of the innermitochondrial membrane. In contrast, the glycerol phosphate shuttle converts the reducing equivalents of NADH in the cytosol into FADH2 inside the matrix. Since the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction in] glycolysis generates 2 NADH/glucose m ...
... form of NADH between both sides of the innermitochondrial membrane. In contrast, the glycerol phosphate shuttle converts the reducing equivalents of NADH in the cytosol into FADH2 inside the matrix. Since the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction in] glycolysis generates 2 NADH/glucose m ...
Kin 310 Exercise/Work Physiology
... – couple reaction to synthesis of ATP – yields 2 (glucose) or 3 (glycogen) ATP ...
... – couple reaction to synthesis of ATP – yields 2 (glucose) or 3 (glycogen) ATP ...
ENERGY
... Solar energy enters living things when plants (producers) make organic compounds ( sugar) They use the process of photosynthesis These organisms are called autotrophs Other organisms must eat the autotrophs or something that ate an autotroph; they are heterotrophs Food molecules = fuel C ...
... Solar energy enters living things when plants (producers) make organic compounds ( sugar) They use the process of photosynthesis These organisms are called autotrophs Other organisms must eat the autotrophs or something that ate an autotroph; they are heterotrophs Food molecules = fuel C ...
The Impact of Yeast on Wine Aroma and Flavor: The Good, the Bad
... Due to release of reduced sulfide from the enzyme complex sulfite reductase Reduction of sulfate decoupled from amino acid synthesis Sulfate reduction regulated by nitrogen availability Lack of nitrogenous reduced sulfur acceptors leads to excessive production of reduced sulfate and release as ...
... Due to release of reduced sulfide from the enzyme complex sulfite reductase Reduction of sulfate decoupled from amino acid synthesis Sulfate reduction regulated by nitrogen availability Lack of nitrogenous reduced sulfur acceptors leads to excessive production of reduced sulfate and release as ...
Cellular Respiration
... Each NADH & H+ converts to 3 ATP. Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH & H+). ...
... Each NADH & H+ converts to 3 ATP. Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH & H+). ...
Cell Respiration and Metabolism
... Units of Metabolic rate - Metabolic rate is measured as: Calories per square meter per hour (Calories/m2/hr) -m2 is the measure of body surface area. As an example BMR can be calculated from the amount of O2 consumption: A subject consumes 15 L of O2 in 1 hour at basal conditions, Caloric equivalen ...
... Units of Metabolic rate - Metabolic rate is measured as: Calories per square meter per hour (Calories/m2/hr) -m2 is the measure of body surface area. As an example BMR can be calculated from the amount of O2 consumption: A subject consumes 15 L of O2 in 1 hour at basal conditions, Caloric equivalen ...
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... metabolic specificity of training • Explain the metabolic demands of and recovery from interval training, highintensity interval training, and combination training to optimize work-to-rest ratios ...
... metabolic specificity of training • Explain the metabolic demands of and recovery from interval training, highintensity interval training, and combination training to optimize work-to-rest ratios ...
Energy flow and the organization of life
... Second, we know from analysis of entire genomes3 that the complete metabolic chart of autotrophs has a universal core, based on a set of fewer than 500 small – less than 400 Dalton molecular weight – organic molecules. These include sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, and a few more compl ...
... Second, we know from analysis of entire genomes3 that the complete metabolic chart of autotrophs has a universal core, based on a set of fewer than 500 small – less than 400 Dalton molecular weight – organic molecules. These include sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, and a few more compl ...
Bioremediation of Various Explosive Contaminants
... In the late 19th century many nitramine compounds were created through the process of nitration. During WW I and WW II their application for industrial and military purposes was investigated. By 1945 an estimated 1.2 million tons of soil surrounding production plants had been ...
... In the late 19th century many nitramine compounds were created through the process of nitration. During WW I and WW II their application for industrial and military purposes was investigated. By 1945 an estimated 1.2 million tons of soil surrounding production plants had been ...
The Evolution of Microbial Life: Prokaryotes, Protista - Jocha
... Form endospores, thick-coated, protective cells that are produced within the cells when they are exposed to unfavorable conditions Can survive very harsh conditions for extended periods, even centuries Most endospores can survive in boiling water ...
... Form endospores, thick-coated, protective cells that are produced within the cells when they are exposed to unfavorable conditions Can survive very harsh conditions for extended periods, even centuries Most endospores can survive in boiling water ...
Plant Biochemistry (Biochemistry/Botany 621)
... Plant Biochemistry (Biochemistry/Botany 621) Plants harnness sunlight energy, fix atomospheric carbon dioxide, and produce a diverse array of chemical compounds to survive in challenging ecological niches. Plant-derived metabolites are also major sources of human food, fiber, fuel, and medicine. The ...
... Plant Biochemistry (Biochemistry/Botany 621) Plants harnness sunlight energy, fix atomospheric carbon dioxide, and produce a diverse array of chemical compounds to survive in challenging ecological niches. Plant-derived metabolites are also major sources of human food, fiber, fuel, and medicine. The ...
Direct measurement of CO2 flux and its isotopic composition
... chemical weathering is still poorly constrained. Different approaches can be adopted to better quantify this major geological CO2 source e.g., i) geochemical proxies of chemical weathering (e.g. the trace element rhenium) in rivers that integrate indirectly the oxidation of rock-derived organic carb ...
... chemical weathering is still poorly constrained. Different approaches can be adopted to better quantify this major geological CO2 source e.g., i) geochemical proxies of chemical weathering (e.g. the trace element rhenium) in rivers that integrate indirectly the oxidation of rock-derived organic carb ...
Chapter 4
... high[ATP]. This means that the cell is high in “energy”. •High [NAD+] or [ADP or AMP] means that the cell is low in “energy”. •These molecules (and others) can act as allosteric effectors stimulating or inhibiting allosteric enzymes which are usually at the beginning or branch-points of a specific p ...
... high[ATP]. This means that the cell is high in “energy”. •High [NAD+] or [ADP or AMP] means that the cell is low in “energy”. •These molecules (and others) can act as allosteric effectors stimulating or inhibiting allosteric enzymes which are usually at the beginning or branch-points of a specific p ...
Name ionic compounds containing main group or
... What is the sum of ALL of the coefficients when isopropyl alcohol (C3H7OH) reacts with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide and water? (a) 25 (b) 21 (c) 18 (d) 12 (e) none of these ...
... What is the sum of ALL of the coefficients when isopropyl alcohol (C3H7OH) reacts with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide and water? (a) 25 (b) 21 (c) 18 (d) 12 (e) none of these ...
UNIT 3 – PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are all used to fuel cellular respiration but we will follow glucose: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (ATP + heat) Energy for work in the cell will be directly provided by ATP. B. Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction In general, in biological proces ...
... Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are all used to fuel cellular respiration but we will follow glucose: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (ATP + heat) Energy for work in the cell will be directly provided by ATP. B. Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction In general, in biological proces ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)