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The Living World - Chapter 4 - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display ...
... Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display ...
The Cytology of the Gram-positive Cocci
... variants in the bacillary genera, and short- and long-chained streptococci, appears to extend to their minute structure. In both groups, the variant which adheres in chains after division, and consequently forms ' Medusa-head' colonies, also produces multicellular bacilli or cocci, possessing transv ...
... variants in the bacillary genera, and short- and long-chained streptococci, appears to extend to their minute structure. In both groups, the variant which adheres in chains after division, and consequently forms ' Medusa-head' colonies, also produces multicellular bacilli or cocci, possessing transv ...
Fc Macrophages via the ERK Pathway Receptor Cross-linking Stimulates Cell Proliferation of *
... C57BL/6 mice by peritoneal lavage with sterile PBS. The harvested cells were cultured at 37 °C with 10% CO2 in DME medium with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum and CSF-1. The medium was replaced after 3 days to remove floating cells. The PM attached to the plates were ready for experimental use ...
... C57BL/6 mice by peritoneal lavage with sterile PBS. The harvested cells were cultured at 37 °C with 10% CO2 in DME medium with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum and CSF-1. The medium was replaced after 3 days to remove floating cells. The PM attached to the plates were ready for experimental use ...
Slide 1
... associated with ER, process, package and “warehouses” proteins and lipids for use in the cell. The Golgi Body, as it is sometimes called, also synthesizes polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) and transports them to where they are needed. ...
... associated with ER, process, package and “warehouses” proteins and lipids for use in the cell. The Golgi Body, as it is sometimes called, also synthesizes polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) and transports them to where they are needed. ...
Myosin-Powered Membrane Compartment Drives Cytoplasmic
... How molecules and large macromolecular complexes are properly distributed and positioned is one of the central problems of cell biology. In relatively small prokaryotic cells, which lack endomembrane compartments, diffusion modulated by the cell’s metabolic status is a major mechanism at work for tr ...
... How molecules and large macromolecular complexes are properly distributed and positioned is one of the central problems of cell biology. In relatively small prokaryotic cells, which lack endomembrane compartments, diffusion modulated by the cell’s metabolic status is a major mechanism at work for tr ...
Endocytosis unplugged: multiple ways to enter the cell
... Macropinocytosis is another process whereby a relatively large amount of the fluid phase is engulfed with respect to the cell volume, in some instances along with particles such as bacteria. First described by Lewis [6, 24] as large phase-bright organelles originating from plasma membrane (PM) ruffl ...
... Macropinocytosis is another process whereby a relatively large amount of the fluid phase is engulfed with respect to the cell volume, in some instances along with particles such as bacteria. First described by Lewis [6, 24] as large phase-bright organelles originating from plasma membrane (PM) ruffl ...
Dynamin as a mover and pincher during cell migration and invasion
... cannot form pronounced tubules (Fig. 2). Instead, these tubules are vesiculated, presumably because the pinchase activity of dynamin vesiculates the F-BAR-induced long tubules. Vesiculation of these tubules can be attenuated either by expression of a K44A mutant Dyn2 protein or, interestingly, treat ...
... cannot form pronounced tubules (Fig. 2). Instead, these tubules are vesiculated, presumably because the pinchase activity of dynamin vesiculates the F-BAR-induced long tubules. Vesiculation of these tubules can be attenuated either by expression of a K44A mutant Dyn2 protein or, interestingly, treat ...
division plane orientation in plant cells
... pressure have further reinforced the notion that cell geometry can be an important determinant in division plane selection (Lynch and Lintilhac 1997). Since it is known that the PPB and phragmosome predict the future plane of division, it is the position of their formation, and not that of the cell ...
... pressure have further reinforced the notion that cell geometry can be an important determinant in division plane selection (Lynch and Lintilhac 1997). Since it is known that the PPB and phragmosome predict the future plane of division, it is the position of their formation, and not that of the cell ...
Regulation of Tcell receptor signaling by the actin cytoskeleton and
... would enhance TCR signaling (35, 37). However, the studies that support a role for myosin II in TCR signal generation point to impaired signaling following reduction in myosin II activity (48–50). At present, these questions remain unresolved in the literature, but genetic knockouts of myosin II hav ...
... would enhance TCR signaling (35, 37). However, the studies that support a role for myosin II in TCR signal generation point to impaired signaling following reduction in myosin II activity (48–50). At present, these questions remain unresolved in the literature, but genetic knockouts of myosin II hav ...
Tetherin Inhibits HIV-1 Release by Directly Tethering Virions to Cells
... maturation, we used a CHO-derived cell line lacking PIGL, an ER-resident enzyme required for the addition of GPI anchors. Proteins that harbor a GPI modification signal as their only membrane anchor are inserted into ER membrane but remain trapped there in the absence of PIGL (Nakamura et al., 1997) ...
... maturation, we used a CHO-derived cell line lacking PIGL, an ER-resident enzyme required for the addition of GPI anchors. Proteins that harbor a GPI modification signal as their only membrane anchor are inserted into ER membrane but remain trapped there in the absence of PIGL (Nakamura et al., 1997) ...
Analysis of Cell Divisions Patterns in the Arabidopsis Shoot Apical
... into 2D space. Since the meristem is dome-shaped, when projecting the meristem from the top the cells in the center are viewed perpendicularly while the cells towards the edges are viewed at an angle. This non-perpendicular viewing angle distorts the lengths of the cell walls and the angles at which ...
... into 2D space. Since the meristem is dome-shaped, when projecting the meristem from the top the cells in the center are viewed perpendicularly while the cells towards the edges are viewed at an angle. This non-perpendicular viewing angle distorts the lengths of the cell walls and the angles at which ...
CYTOKINESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS
... endomembrane distribution of the endocytic tracer FM4-64 makes the latter possibility less likely as both Golgi stacks and cell plate are labeled only 30–60 min after uptake of the tracer (10). The machinery involved in the formation of cytokinetic vesicles has not been identified. However, the follo ...
... endomembrane distribution of the endocytic tracer FM4-64 makes the latter possibility less likely as both Golgi stacks and cell plate are labeled only 30–60 min after uptake of the tracer (10). The machinery involved in the formation of cytokinetic vesicles has not been identified. However, the follo ...
Role of cryo-ET in membrane bioenergetics research
... = 0.1 nm) (surface view, left; slice through volume, middle). Both densities are roughly the same size, two-fold symmetric and have two kidney-shaped protrusions on one side of the complex. (G) Surface-rendered volume of (C) showing the location of ATP synthase dimers (yellow spheres) in the cristae ...
... = 0.1 nm) (surface view, left; slice through volume, middle). Both densities are roughly the same size, two-fold symmetric and have two kidney-shaped protrusions on one side of the complex. (G) Surface-rendered volume of (C) showing the location of ATP synthase dimers (yellow spheres) in the cristae ...
An 83 kDa 0-GlcNAc-Glycoprotein Is Found in the Axoplasm and
... (circles, Fig. 1) were greatly enriched in the axoplasm relative to the cytoplasm. Presumably these constituents have a role specific to the axon. We were interested to see a subset of glycoproteins, at about 200, 180, 83, 76, and 66 kDa, that were present in the nucleus and axoplasm (arrowheads, ...
... (circles, Fig. 1) were greatly enriched in the axoplasm relative to the cytoplasm. Presumably these constituents have a role specific to the axon. We were interested to see a subset of glycoproteins, at about 200, 180, 83, 76, and 66 kDa, that were present in the nucleus and axoplasm (arrowheads, ...
In vivo single-RNA tracking shows that most tRNA diffuses freely in
... interaction with the aminoacyl synthetases, elongation factors or ribosomes. However, tRNA molecules can be labeled in vitro by either derivatization of the charged amino acid (17), or via covalent attachment of fluorophores to modified nucleosides with unique chemical reactivity (18–22). The dihydr ...
... interaction with the aminoacyl synthetases, elongation factors or ribosomes. However, tRNA molecules can be labeled in vitro by either derivatization of the charged amino acid (17), or via covalent attachment of fluorophores to modified nucleosides with unique chemical reactivity (18–22). The dihydr ...
Vacuolar protein sorting mechanisms in plants
... and binding between the receptor at the donor membrane and an activated GTP-ADP ribosylation factor (Arf) complexed with the secretion-associated RASrelated protein (Sar)1 complex, recruiting coatomer, membrane distortion and dissociation under the assistance of fatty acyl CoA, and the formation and ...
... and binding between the receptor at the donor membrane and an activated GTP-ADP ribosylation factor (Arf) complexed with the secretion-associated RASrelated protein (Sar)1 complex, recruiting coatomer, membrane distortion and dissociation under the assistance of fatty acyl CoA, and the formation and ...
Final Draft
... The toxic effects of the widespread boreal Scyphozoa Cyanea capillata (L.) are caused by venomous, basically proteinaceous, compounds (Rice and Powell, 1972). These effects have been investigated in several in vivo and in vitro studies. Lytic, cytotoxic, enzymatic, and cardiotoxic activities have be ...
... The toxic effects of the widespread boreal Scyphozoa Cyanea capillata (L.) are caused by venomous, basically proteinaceous, compounds (Rice and Powell, 1972). These effects have been investigated in several in vivo and in vitro studies. Lytic, cytotoxic, enzymatic, and cardiotoxic activities have be ...
analysis of the significance of a periodic, cell size
... fixed and is the same for wild type and small mutant populations. As equation (14) implies that the wild type cells are always 2' larger than the mutant of corresponding age, it follows directly that the average cell size in a wild type population will always be 2' larger than in small mutant popula ...
... fixed and is the same for wild type and small mutant populations. As equation (14) implies that the wild type cells are always 2' larger than the mutant of corresponding age, it follows directly that the average cell size in a wild type population will always be 2' larger than in small mutant popula ...
Analysis of the paralysed trypanosome mutant snl-1
... anterior position. This allows direct comparison of growing and non-growing flagella in the same cell. The trypanosome flagellum contains an extra-axonemal structure, the paraflagellar rod or PFR, which is present inside the flagellum (Vickerman, 1962). This lattice-like structure of about the same ...
... anterior position. This allows direct comparison of growing and non-growing flagella in the same cell. The trypanosome flagellum contains an extra-axonemal structure, the paraflagellar rod or PFR, which is present inside the flagellum (Vickerman, 1962). This lattice-like structure of about the same ...
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... Polymerization in the aqueous environment of the primordial Earth could not have been possible, because the polymers would have been quickly broken down. However, clay is layered and as such readily absorbs ions and organic molecules, promoting interaction and assembly reactions. Clay also stores po ...
... Polymerization in the aqueous environment of the primordial Earth could not have been possible, because the polymers would have been quickly broken down. However, clay is layered and as such readily absorbs ions and organic molecules, promoting interaction and assembly reactions. Clay also stores po ...
PDF
... for surviving in the dry aerial environment. A detailed understanding of the structure, composition, and development of moss cell walls can contribute to our understanding of not only the evolution of overall cell wall complexity, but also the differences that have evolved in response to selection f ...
... for surviving in the dry aerial environment. A detailed understanding of the structure, composition, and development of moss cell walls can contribute to our understanding of not only the evolution of overall cell wall complexity, but also the differences that have evolved in response to selection f ...
Fig. - Journal of Cell Science
... context. Confocal microscopy has been an invaluable tool in recent years, but requires cellular structures to be labelled with a fluorophore, so usually only one or two different epitopes can be visualized in a single cell. Cellular electron tomography has allowed high-resolution 3D imaging of ultra ...
... context. Confocal microscopy has been an invaluable tool in recent years, but requires cellular structures to be labelled with a fluorophore, so usually only one or two different epitopes can be visualized in a single cell. Cellular electron tomography has allowed high-resolution 3D imaging of ultra ...
Macromolecular biophysics of the plant cell wall: Concepts and
... manner in which wall loosening and synthesis are integrated is unclear. In mechanical terms, the extension of a plant cellwall under turgor pressure is formally equivalent to creep, because it is approximately linear with time [8]. There is a close similarity between the mechanical concept of creep ...
... manner in which wall loosening and synthesis are integrated is unclear. In mechanical terms, the extension of a plant cellwall under turgor pressure is formally equivalent to creep, because it is approximately linear with time [8]. There is a close similarity between the mechanical concept of creep ...
Plant microtubule organization
... approaches. Whereas MAPs are relatively easy to purify from brain tissue, which is teeming with microtubules, plant tissues have modest concentrations of microtubule proteins. Plant cells are usually cytoplasm-poor, most cell volume being occupied by vacuoles, whose rupture releases proteolytic enzy ...
... approaches. Whereas MAPs are relatively easy to purify from brain tissue, which is teeming with microtubules, plant tissues have modest concentrations of microtubule proteins. Plant cells are usually cytoplasm-poor, most cell volume being occupied by vacuoles, whose rupture releases proteolytic enzy ...
Mode Suppressed TEM Cell Design For High Frequency IC
... order TE or TM modes should be suppressed, but the TEM mode and the shielding efficiency should not be affected. Several different methods have been introduced on suppressing higher order mode resonances in a large TEM cell [6-8]. All those methods were found effective to dampen resonances, but all ...
... order TE or TM modes should be suppressed, but the TEM mode and the shielding efficiency should not be affected. Several different methods have been introduced on suppressing higher order mode resonances in a large TEM cell [6-8]. All those methods were found effective to dampen resonances, but all ...
Cytosol
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Crowded_cytosol.png?width=300)
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.