![1 Sporulation, bacterial cell envelopes, and the origin of life Elitza I](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/014952780_1-bacf13026eafadeda4e68779710496f1-300x300.png)
Plant microtubule organization
... approaches. Whereas MAPs are relatively easy to purify from brain tissue, which is teeming with microtubules, plant tissues have modest concentrations of microtubule proteins. Plant cells are usually cytoplasm-poor, most cell volume being occupied by vacuoles, whose rupture releases proteolytic enzy ...
... approaches. Whereas MAPs are relatively easy to purify from brain tissue, which is teeming with microtubules, plant tissues have modest concentrations of microtubule proteins. Plant cells are usually cytoplasm-poor, most cell volume being occupied by vacuoles, whose rupture releases proteolytic enzy ...
Mark scheme F211 Cells, Exchange and Transport June 2014
... ACCEPT causes more oxygen to leave (oxy)haemoglobin / higher levels of oxygen released IGNORE ref to oxygen released more quickly or more easily Note: do not give a mark for ‘more oxygen dissociates’ as this implies oxygen is forming ions / atoms ...
... ACCEPT causes more oxygen to leave (oxy)haemoglobin / higher levels of oxygen released IGNORE ref to oxygen released more quickly or more easily Note: do not give a mark for ‘more oxygen dissociates’ as this implies oxygen is forming ions / atoms ...
Exine dehiscing induces rape microspore polarity
... zygotic division (Haecker et al., 2004), suggesting that the two daughter cells may possess different transcripts from the zygote. After zygote division, WOX8 is expressed in the basal cell lineage (Minako et al., 2011), and WOX8 can be used as a marker for the basal cell lineage (Haecker et al., ...
... zygotic division (Haecker et al., 2004), suggesting that the two daughter cells may possess different transcripts from the zygote. After zygote division, WOX8 is expressed in the basal cell lineage (Minako et al., 2011), and WOX8 can be used as a marker for the basal cell lineage (Haecker et al., ...
Cellular lipidomics
... as biological substances generally hydrophobic in nature and in many cases soluble in organic solvents (Fahy et al, 2005). Indeed, the behavior of all hydrophobic substances follows the same physical principles and therefore makes them subject of the present review. In practice, the organization of ...
... as biological substances generally hydrophobic in nature and in many cases soluble in organic solvents (Fahy et al, 2005). Indeed, the behavior of all hydrophobic substances follows the same physical principles and therefore makes them subject of the present review. In practice, the organization of ...
Endosperm Development after Fusion of Isolated
... Maize central cells were reproducibly isolated from ovular tissue at various developmental stages. Ovules were 2 to 3 mm in diameter, and silk emergence lengths were 9 to 18 cm. Compared with egg cell isolation, some modifications were required for the efficient isolation of maize central cells. Whe ...
... Maize central cells were reproducibly isolated from ovular tissue at various developmental stages. Ovules were 2 to 3 mm in diameter, and silk emergence lengths were 9 to 18 cm. Compared with egg cell isolation, some modifications were required for the efficient isolation of maize central cells. Whe ...
Document
... matrices are often added into SFM formu lation. For instance, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is considered a key growth factor in industrial cell cultures; their removal fro m med ia can reduce the cell gro wth-pro moting activity of a culture by as much as 90% [12]. To complement use of serum ...
... matrices are often added into SFM formu lation. For instance, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is considered a key growth factor in industrial cell cultures; their removal fro m med ia can reduce the cell gro wth-pro moting activity of a culture by as much as 90% [12]. To complement use of serum ...
Microtubule cortical array organization and plant cell morphogenesis
... cells in random orientations before the array attains a high degree of order. Likewise, when cortical microtubules are depolymerized with drugs then allowed to recover, the array is initially disorganized and gradually regains an ordered appearance, showing that microtubules are not polymerized into ...
... cells in random orientations before the array attains a high degree of order. Likewise, when cortical microtubules are depolymerized with drugs then allowed to recover, the array is initially disorganized and gradually regains an ordered appearance, showing that microtubules are not polymerized into ...
Determination of Symmetric and Asymmetric Division Planes in
... PPBs were originally discovered as microtubule structures (105) but also have an actin component. The actin PPB is wider than the microtubule PPB in many plant cells, and its formation depends on microtubules (99, 136). Conversely, formation of the microtubule PPB does not appear to depend on F-acti ...
... PPBs were originally discovered as microtubule structures (105) but also have an actin component. The actin PPB is wider than the microtubule PPB in many plant cells, and its formation depends on microtubules (99, 136). Conversely, formation of the microtubule PPB does not appear to depend on F-acti ...
Membrane trafficking and polar growth in root hairs and pollen tubes
... form in which the cell elongates unidirectionally and only at the very tip. This extreme form of polarized growth, or tip-growth, sustains prodigious rates of elongation: Root hairs grow at rates of 10–40 nm sÿ1 (Galway et al., 1997; Wymer et al., 1997), comparable to that of animal neuron growth co ...
... form in which the cell elongates unidirectionally and only at the very tip. This extreme form of polarized growth, or tip-growth, sustains prodigious rates of elongation: Root hairs grow at rates of 10–40 nm sÿ1 (Galway et al., 1997; Wymer et al., 1997), comparable to that of animal neuron growth co ...
Full Text
... Falkenburg et al., 1988; Pal and Murakami. 1988; Nothwang et al., 1992a). are composed of protein and small RNA. Prior to the finding that these particles have protease activity, they were characterized as facul1ative RNP particles (pro somes) associated with the ribosome-free repressed population o ...
... Falkenburg et al., 1988; Pal and Murakami. 1988; Nothwang et al., 1992a). are composed of protein and small RNA. Prior to the finding that these particles have protease activity, they were characterized as facul1ative RNP particles (pro somes) associated with the ribosome-free repressed population o ...
4-3. Cell wall structure of E. coli and B. subtilis
... (2) Peptidoglycan hydrolases in B. subtilis B. subtilis produces a complement set of enzymes capable of hydrolyzing the shape-maintaining and stress-bearing peptidoglycan layer of its own cell wall (Fig. 3). Some of these peptidoglycan hydrolases can trigger cell lysis, and therefore can be called a ...
... (2) Peptidoglycan hydrolases in B. subtilis B. subtilis produces a complement set of enzymes capable of hydrolyzing the shape-maintaining and stress-bearing peptidoglycan layer of its own cell wall (Fig. 3). Some of these peptidoglycan hydrolases can trigger cell lysis, and therefore can be called a ...
Protein Targeting to the Nuclear Pore. What Can
... the cytoplasm, with each type carrying out an essential function for the cell. The spatial separation of proteins and biochemical pathways typical of the various types of organelles requires selective targeting apparatuses. Because each type of organelle contains its own targeting apparatus, protein ...
... the cytoplasm, with each type carrying out an essential function for the cell. The spatial separation of proteins and biochemical pathways typical of the various types of organelles requires selective targeting apparatuses. Because each type of organelle contains its own targeting apparatus, protein ...
Cyclin synthesis and degradation and the embryonic cell cycle
... I (Picard et al. 1985). Suggestive as these lines of evidence are, none of them directly demonstrates that cyclin accumulation induces mitosis, or that cyclin degradation is required for the exit from meiosis. To address these issues, we turned to in vitro cell cycle extracts of frog eggs that were ...
... I (Picard et al. 1985). Suggestive as these lines of evidence are, none of them directly demonstrates that cyclin accumulation induces mitosis, or that cyclin degradation is required for the exit from meiosis. To address these issues, we turned to in vitro cell cycle extracts of frog eggs that were ...
Dynamics of PhiX174 protein E-mediated lysis of
... membrane enzymes through the E-lysis tunnel. This result also indicates that the envelope structures, including the inner membrane of E-lysed cells, are well conserved in their native structure. Bacterial ghosts obtained after E-mediated lysis may represent a new tool for studies of membrane-bound e ...
... membrane enzymes through the E-lysis tunnel. This result also indicates that the envelope structures, including the inner membrane of E-lysed cells, are well conserved in their native structure. Bacterial ghosts obtained after E-mediated lysis may represent a new tool for studies of membrane-bound e ...
Chloroplast The chloroplast is an elongated organelle
... The energy used to convert water plus atmospheric carbon dioxide into sugars (photosynthesis) occurs in the c______. The outer and inner membranes, which regulate the flow of sugars and proteins in and out of the chloroplast, are called the c______ e______. The inside of the chloroplast has fluid ca ...
... The energy used to convert water plus atmospheric carbon dioxide into sugars (photosynthesis) occurs in the c______. The outer and inner membranes, which regulate the flow of sugars and proteins in and out of the chloroplast, are called the c______ e______. The inside of the chloroplast has fluid ca ...
sites of protein synthesis in nucleoli of root meristematic cells of
... In 0-5-/4 sections of meristematic cells stained with toluidine blue, the nucleolar material exhibits a purplish blue metachromatic colour (Figs. 1-4). The nucleolus often contains a large, unstained space located centrally or paracentrally, the nucleolar vacuole (Figs. 3, 4). The vacuole may be mis ...
... In 0-5-/4 sections of meristematic cells stained with toluidine blue, the nucleolar material exhibits a purplish blue metachromatic colour (Figs. 1-4). The nucleolus often contains a large, unstained space located centrally or paracentrally, the nucleolar vacuole (Figs. 3, 4). The vacuole may be mis ...
Two dileucine motifs mediate late endosomal/lysosomal targeting of
... the assembly and formation of coated vesicles. In contrast, DXXLL-type dileucine signals recruit GGA proteins (Golgilocalized, γ -ear-containing, Arf-binding proteins), a different class of monomeric clathrin adaptors functioning at the TGN [13]. Lysosomal membrane proteins can travel from the TGN v ...
... the assembly and formation of coated vesicles. In contrast, DXXLL-type dileucine signals recruit GGA proteins (Golgilocalized, γ -ear-containing, Arf-binding proteins), a different class of monomeric clathrin adaptors functioning at the TGN [13]. Lysosomal membrane proteins can travel from the TGN v ...
Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis
... members, or both (19). Thus, analysis of TRAIL signaling must also take into account kinase-activation events. TRAIL has extensive homology with TNF-␣, which can also trigger apoptosis, in part, by inducing lysosomal permeabilization (20 –23). The release of lysosomal cathepsins, especially cathepsi ...
... members, or both (19). Thus, analysis of TRAIL signaling must also take into account kinase-activation events. TRAIL has extensive homology with TNF-␣, which can also trigger apoptosis, in part, by inducing lysosomal permeabilization (20 –23). The release of lysosomal cathepsins, especially cathepsi ...
NUCLEAR PROTEINS II. Similarity of Nonhistone Proteins in
... the major N H P indicates that they are present in a range of 2.2 • 105-5.2 • l06 copies per diploid nucleus. Most of the electrophoretically visible NHP are probably structural rather than regulatory proteins; 09 actin, myosin, tubulin, and tropomyosin, if present at all, constitute a very minor fr ...
... the major N H P indicates that they are present in a range of 2.2 • 105-5.2 • l06 copies per diploid nucleus. Most of the electrophoretically visible NHP are probably structural rather than regulatory proteins; 09 actin, myosin, tubulin, and tropomyosin, if present at all, constitute a very minor fr ...
Effect of membrane composition on temperature activation of TRPV1
... different stimuli (Figure 1), and ion channels are crucial part of the cell membrane [15]. Most animal cells usually have relatively lower intracellular sodium concentration, while the potassium ...
... different stimuli (Figure 1), and ion channels are crucial part of the cell membrane [15]. Most animal cells usually have relatively lower intracellular sodium concentration, while the potassium ...
Subcellular Localization of Catalase Encoded by the ctt1+ Gene in
... To determine the subcellular localization of catalase in S. pombe, we fractionated wild-type cells in the stationary phase. Most of the catalase activity was detected in the cytosolic fraction (Fig. 2A). But, weak activity was also detected in the organelle fraction. To ascertain that this activity ...
... To determine the subcellular localization of catalase in S. pombe, we fractionated wild-type cells in the stationary phase. Most of the catalase activity was detected in the cytosolic fraction (Fig. 2A). But, weak activity was also detected in the organelle fraction. To ascertain that this activity ...
Cell Wall Polysaccharides are Mislocalized to the Vacuole in
... During cell wall biosynthesis, the Golgi apparatus is the platform for cell wall matrix biosynthesis and the site of packaging, of both matrix polysaccharides and proteins, into secretory vesicles with the correct targeting information. The objective of this study was to dissect the post-Golgi traff ...
... During cell wall biosynthesis, the Golgi apparatus is the platform for cell wall matrix biosynthesis and the site of packaging, of both matrix polysaccharides and proteins, into secretory vesicles with the correct targeting information. The objective of this study was to dissect the post-Golgi traff ...
Epithelial repair is a two-stage process driven first by dying cells and
... lines (green). Distances given for xy planes are measured from the basal-most plane; note that the chosen xy plane is not the same for each timepoint. 0 min: no visible signs of actin activity or changes in cellular shape were apparent. 15–30 min: apical contraction and enclosure, an F-actin ring fo ...
... lines (green). Distances given for xy planes are measured from the basal-most plane; note that the chosen xy plane is not the same for each timepoint. 0 min: no visible signs of actin activity or changes in cellular shape were apparent. 15–30 min: apical contraction and enclosure, an F-actin ring fo ...
Cytosol
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Crowded_cytosol.png?width=300)
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.