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Protein translocation pathways across the inner and outer
... called as sorting and assembly machinery), and (iv) recently identified specific protein import machinery for small intermembrane space proteins4, but little is known about this pathway. Since mitochondria play essential roles in eukaryotic cells, knowledge regarding the protein import and biogenesi ...
... called as sorting and assembly machinery), and (iv) recently identified specific protein import machinery for small intermembrane space proteins4, but little is known about this pathway. Since mitochondria play essential roles in eukaryotic cells, knowledge regarding the protein import and biogenesi ...
Female Gametophyte Development in Flowering Plants
... megaspore, expresses functional megasporespecific markers. This indicates that only the chalazal megaspore is functional and suggests a position-dependent mechanism. It also implies that a decision on cell fate has been made at this stage of ovule development. In maize, a similar mutation in ameiotic ...
... megaspore, expresses functional megasporespecific markers. This indicates that only the chalazal megaspore is functional and suggests a position-dependent mechanism. It also implies that a decision on cell fate has been made at this stage of ovule development. In maize, a similar mutation in ameiotic ...
The Neuronal Membrane at Rest
... number of neurons firing action potentials in a given nerve. This type of code is partly analogous to Morse code sent down a telegraph wire; information is encoded in the pattern of electrical impulses. Cells capable of generating and conducting action potentials, which include both nerve and muscle ...
... number of neurons firing action potentials in a given nerve. This type of code is partly analogous to Morse code sent down a telegraph wire; information is encoded in the pattern of electrical impulses. Cells capable of generating and conducting action potentials, which include both nerve and muscle ...
Chapter 2.3 Active Cell Processes: Motility, Muscle, and Mechanotransduction
... qualitative, and the models, to the extent they exist, more ad hoc. This is because not only are the processes much more complex, often involving a cascade of reactions or numerous individual cell functions, but they are also less well understood. We begin this chapter with a discussion of the vario ...
... qualitative, and the models, to the extent they exist, more ad hoc. This is because not only are the processes much more complex, often involving a cascade of reactions or numerous individual cell functions, but they are also less well understood. We begin this chapter with a discussion of the vario ...
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... The selected cultures were treated with aflatoxin and incubated for different intervals of time. The supernatant and cell pellets were subjected to HPLC separation with fluorescence detector. The retention times of the various toxins were compared with the standards. Concentration of the toxin was c ...
... The selected cultures were treated with aflatoxin and incubated for different intervals of time. The supernatant and cell pellets were subjected to HPLC separation with fluorescence detector. The retention times of the various toxins were compared with the standards. Concentration of the toxin was c ...
Contribution of calcium-conducting channels to the transport of
... Zn is its role in neuronal injury caused by stroke. Accumulating evidence suggest that, together with calcium (Ca), the intracellular accumulation of Zn ions participates in ischemic injury Shuttleworth & Weiss 2011. ...
... Zn is its role in neuronal injury caused by stroke. Accumulating evidence suggest that, together with calcium (Ca), the intracellular accumulation of Zn ions participates in ischemic injury Shuttleworth & Weiss 2011. ...
SNX9 – a prelude to vesicle release - Journal of Cell Science
... central molecule in this respect is adaptor protein 2 (AP-2), which binds to cargo proteins to be taken up and enriches them in clathrincoated areas; at the same time, AP-2 recruits accessory proteins that are essential for the formation of the vesicular coat and the determination of its shape. At l ...
... central molecule in this respect is adaptor protein 2 (AP-2), which binds to cargo proteins to be taken up and enriches them in clathrincoated areas; at the same time, AP-2 recruits accessory proteins that are essential for the formation of the vesicular coat and the determination of its shape. At l ...
Cell division and leaf morphogenesis - Development
... Mironov et al., 1999). One conclusion from this work has been that although the plant cell cycle shows many similarities with that found in other eukaryotes, differences are also apparent. In particular, genome sequencing strategies have revealed a plethora of genes encoding putative components of t ...
... Mironov et al., 1999). One conclusion from this work has been that although the plant cell cycle shows many similarities with that found in other eukaryotes, differences are also apparent. In particular, genome sequencing strategies have revealed a plethora of genes encoding putative components of t ...
The Roles of Moonlighting Proteins in Bacteria
... (Reddy and Suleman, 2004). It is generally thought that by binding to host components these surface-located proteins help pathogens to adhere to host cells, and facilitate their colonisation and subsequent invasion. However, because these moonlighting proteins play important roles within the cells, ...
... (Reddy and Suleman, 2004). It is generally thought that by binding to host components these surface-located proteins help pathogens to adhere to host cells, and facilitate their colonisation and subsequent invasion. However, because these moonlighting proteins play important roles within the cells, ...
Forage digestibility: the intersection of cell wall lignification and plant
... concentration by the NDF method (Theander and Westerlund, 1993). Acid detergent lignin (ADL) is a severe under-estimate of actual lignin concentration in grasses, giving lignin concentration estimates that are only one half to one quarter of Klason and acetyl bromide lignin methods (Hatfield and Fu ...
... concentration by the NDF method (Theander and Westerlund, 1993). Acid detergent lignin (ADL) is a severe under-estimate of actual lignin concentration in grasses, giving lignin concentration estimates that are only one half to one quarter of Klason and acetyl bromide lignin methods (Hatfield and Fu ...
A metabolic perspective of Peto`s paradox and cancer
... synthesis. Signalling pathways also activate transcriptional programmes in the nucleus, which produce mRNAs that are essential for ribosome biogenesis, protein, nucleic acid, lipid and carbohydrate synthesis [13,22,23]. In essence, the stimulated cell is a biochemical reaction vessel that drives nut ...
... synthesis. Signalling pathways also activate transcriptional programmes in the nucleus, which produce mRNAs that are essential for ribosome biogenesis, protein, nucleic acid, lipid and carbohydrate synthesis [13,22,23]. In essence, the stimulated cell is a biochemical reaction vessel that drives nut ...
Zhang YA, Okada A, Lew CH, McConnell SK
... that Otx1 translocates into cell nuclei. The temporal correlation between the nuclear localization of Otx1 and the period of axon remodeling suggests that pruning may be initiated by the entry of Otx1 into the nucleus. The regulated translocation of transcription factors, including homeodomain prote ...
... that Otx1 translocates into cell nuclei. The temporal correlation between the nuclear localization of Otx1 and the period of axon remodeling suggests that pruning may be initiated by the entry of Otx1 into the nucleus. The regulated translocation of transcription factors, including homeodomain prote ...
ER and vacuoles: never been closer
... The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consists on a network of interconnected membrane tubules and cisternae (“reticulum”) stretching across the entire cytoplasm (“endoplasmic”). First discovered in culture cells from chicken embryos (Porter et al., 1945), the ER is present in all eukaryotic cells, and is ...
... The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consists on a network of interconnected membrane tubules and cisternae (“reticulum”) stretching across the entire cytoplasm (“endoplasmic”). First discovered in culture cells from chicken embryos (Porter et al., 1945), the ER is present in all eukaryotic cells, and is ...
Structure and function of basement membranes
... been shown most clearly for FGFs. In the future, it is expected that other growth factors will be found to bind to basement membranes. We became interested in studying the potential function of small molecular weight heparin binding growth factors as basement membrane components. We decided to work ...
... been shown most clearly for FGFs. In the future, it is expected that other growth factors will be found to bind to basement membranes. We became interested in studying the potential function of small molecular weight heparin binding growth factors as basement membrane components. We decided to work ...
Imaging the fate of histone Cse4 reveals de novo replacement in S
... the chromosome are linked together at a region called the centromere. To separate them, structures called microtubules attach to each side of the centromere via a structure called the kinetochore. The kinetochore then sends out signals orchestrating how the microtubules should move in order to pull ...
... the chromosome are linked together at a region called the centromere. To separate them, structures called microtubules attach to each side of the centromere via a structure called the kinetochore. The kinetochore then sends out signals orchestrating how the microtubules should move in order to pull ...
Ion homeostasis, channels, and transporters: an update on cellular
... this archetypal active ion transporter into a non-selective cation channel that acts to dissipate the transmembrane Na⫹ and K⫹ gradients which are generated by the Na⫹-K⫹-ATPase acting in its normal (i.e., non-PTX occupied) transporter mode. PTX induces this remarkable functional transformation by o ...
... this archetypal active ion transporter into a non-selective cation channel that acts to dissipate the transmembrane Na⫹ and K⫹ gradients which are generated by the Na⫹-K⫹-ATPase acting in its normal (i.e., non-PTX occupied) transporter mode. PTX induces this remarkable functional transformation by o ...
Phylogenomics demonstrates that breviate flagellates are related to
... that B. anathema is sister to the Amoebozoa with the ancyromonads sister to Opisthokonta þ apusomonads (OA) [21], but these results were again compromised by missing data for B. anathema. Most recently, a 30-protein phylogeny showed a BA clade with weak support that could not be conclusively placed ...
... that B. anathema is sister to the Amoebozoa with the ancyromonads sister to Opisthokonta þ apusomonads (OA) [21], but these results were again compromised by missing data for B. anathema. Most recently, a 30-protein phylogeny showed a BA clade with weak support that could not be conclusively placed ...
Coca Cola
... - The actin and myosin filaments remain the same length - The sarcomere length shortens because the actin and myosin filaments slide relative each other animation 16.8- myosin (compare with picture 43) ...
... - The actin and myosin filaments remain the same length - The sarcomere length shortens because the actin and myosin filaments slide relative each other animation 16.8- myosin (compare with picture 43) ...
Systems-Wide Analysis of Acclimation Responses to Long
... Another open question is related to how and why HS affects photosynthetic activity. Photosystem II (PSII) is considered the most thermosensitive complex of the photosynthetic light reactions (Berry and Bjorkman, 1980). However, the temperatures at which PSII damage was observed often were not physio ...
... Another open question is related to how and why HS affects photosynthetic activity. Photosystem II (PSII) is considered the most thermosensitive complex of the photosynthetic light reactions (Berry and Bjorkman, 1980). However, the temperatures at which PSII damage was observed often were not physio ...
From milliseconds to millions of years: guard cells and
... Stomata are modified by environmental factors The stomatal signaling system has been moulded by environmental factors over both long (millions of years) and short (hours, minutes, or even seconds) timescales. Considerable progress has been made in the elucidation of environmental perception and ion ...
... Stomata are modified by environmental factors The stomatal signaling system has been moulded by environmental factors over both long (millions of years) and short (hours, minutes, or even seconds) timescales. Considerable progress has been made in the elucidation of environmental perception and ion ...
Full Text - Plant and Cell Physiology
... CSLM, which was also followed by the quantitative analysis. Under the control conditions (0.1% DMSO), GFP–CESA3 was time-dependently internalized into the cytoplasm after hypotonic stimulus and predominantly localized in the PM and ringshaped compartments closely associated with the CLC– mOrange-lab ...
... CSLM, which was also followed by the quantitative analysis. Under the control conditions (0.1% DMSO), GFP–CESA3 was time-dependently internalized into the cytoplasm after hypotonic stimulus and predominantly localized in the PM and ringshaped compartments closely associated with the CLC– mOrange-lab ...
University of Groningen How to get (a)round Pinho, Mariana
... PBPs dedicated to either cell elongation or cell division. However, whether two distinct types of machinery do indeed operate at these different sites has not been fully elucidated17. ...
... PBPs dedicated to either cell elongation or cell division. However, whether two distinct types of machinery do indeed operate at these different sites has not been fully elucidated17. ...
Changes in Pectin Structure during Epidermal Cell Elongation in
... much more extensive in the cell walls of the non-elongating region than in those of the elongating region. The pore size of the cell wall was larger in the non-elongating region than in the elongating region. These observations suggest that the formation of the pectic gel itself is not involved in t ...
... much more extensive in the cell walls of the non-elongating region than in those of the elongating region. The pore size of the cell wall was larger in the non-elongating region than in the elongating region. These observations suggest that the formation of the pectic gel itself is not involved in t ...
Biology 2121 Review – Cell Structure and Function (Chapter 3
... Know the factors that affect the rate of diffusion. Know examples of substances that use osmosis, simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion to move into and out of cells Know the following concerning tonicity Distinguish between an isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic environment that a cell exists ...
... Know the factors that affect the rate of diffusion. Know examples of substances that use osmosis, simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion to move into and out of cells Know the following concerning tonicity Distinguish between an isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic environment that a cell exists ...
Thiosemicarbazone Metal Complexes: From Structure to Activity
... 2.1. Antitumor Activity One of the most promising areas in which thiosemicarbazone compounds are being developed is their use against cancer. Their antitumor activity is extremely differentiated and it is very much dependent on the typology of tumour cells. This characteristic renders the whole clas ...
... 2.1. Antitumor Activity One of the most promising areas in which thiosemicarbazone compounds are being developed is their use against cancer. Their antitumor activity is extremely differentiated and it is very much dependent on the typology of tumour cells. This characteristic renders the whole clas ...
Cytosol
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Crowded_cytosol.png?width=300)
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.