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Protein Dynamics in the Plant Extracellular Space
... fraction of the total extracellular proteins so far detected. Indeed, of the 281 extracellular proteins present in databases in 2005, Jamet et al. [10] referred that only 1.5% of extracellular proteins were structural proteins. The crosslinking of the structural proteins to the wall polysaccharides ...
... fraction of the total extracellular proteins so far detected. Indeed, of the 281 extracellular proteins present in databases in 2005, Jamet et al. [10] referred that only 1.5% of extracellular proteins were structural proteins. The crosslinking of the structural proteins to the wall polysaccharides ...
SNARE complexes of different composition jointly
... Membrane fusion is mediated by the interaction of soluble Nethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment receptor (SNARE) proteins through their highly conserved SNARE domains (Jahn and Scheller, 2006). Based on a glutamine (Q) or arginine (R) residue in the so-called 0-layer of the SNARE domain, SNARE ...
... Membrane fusion is mediated by the interaction of soluble Nethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment receptor (SNARE) proteins through their highly conserved SNARE domains (Jahn and Scheller, 2006). Based on a glutamine (Q) or arginine (R) residue in the so-called 0-layer of the SNARE domain, SNARE ...
Autophagic Components Contribute to Hypersensitive Cell Death in
... Another, nonapoptotic form of animal PCD involves autophagy (Edinger and Thompson, 2004), an ancient vesicular mechanism for digestion of cell contents in eukaryotes (Mizushima, 2007). A central feature of autophagy is the formation of double membrane vesicles, named autophagosomes, that engulf and ...
... Another, nonapoptotic form of animal PCD involves autophagy (Edinger and Thompson, 2004), an ancient vesicular mechanism for digestion of cell contents in eukaryotes (Mizushima, 2007). A central feature of autophagy is the formation of double membrane vesicles, named autophagosomes, that engulf and ...
The complex life of simple sphingolipids
... complexity, at least five different sphingoid bases are known in mammalian cells, more than 20 species of fatty acid (varying in chain length, degree of saturation, and degree of hydroxylation) can be attached to the sphingoid base, and around 500 different carbohydrate structures have been describe ...
... complexity, at least five different sphingoid bases are known in mammalian cells, more than 20 species of fatty acid (varying in chain length, degree of saturation, and degree of hydroxylation) can be attached to the sphingoid base, and around 500 different carbohydrate structures have been describe ...
Cytokinesis in Tobacco BY-2 and Root Tip Cells: A New Model of
... buffer, pH 4.5, with 0.1% PEG. To stain sections, high pressure frozen/ freeze substituted samples that had been embedded in epoxy resin were incubated in sodium metaperiodate and nonfat dry milk as described above. Then the sections were floated on a drop of citrate buffer, pH 4.5, for 10 min. The ...
... buffer, pH 4.5, with 0.1% PEG. To stain sections, high pressure frozen/ freeze substituted samples that had been embedded in epoxy resin were incubated in sodium metaperiodate and nonfat dry milk as described above. Then the sections were floated on a drop of citrate buffer, pH 4.5, for 10 min. The ...
Intercellular adhesion and cell separation in plants
... chance contact they do not fuse, but remain distinct. Likewise pollen tubes that germinate on an epidermal surface other than the stigma do not interact with it. However during flower formation in many species, fusion of floral organs such as carpels is part of the normal process of development. It ...
... chance contact they do not fuse, but remain distinct. Likewise pollen tubes that germinate on an epidermal surface other than the stigma do not interact with it. However during flower formation in many species, fusion of floral organs such as carpels is part of the normal process of development. It ...
2) A dynamic cell adhesion surface regulates tissue architecture in
... proliferative chondrocytes display planar alignment of cell bodies at both cytokinesis and following rotation, observations that validate previous results (Fig. 2K,L) (Li and Dudley, 2009). Although many of the key features of chondrocyte behavior were observed previously in tissue sections, live im ...
... proliferative chondrocytes display planar alignment of cell bodies at both cytokinesis and following rotation, observations that validate previous results (Fig. 2K,L) (Li and Dudley, 2009). Although many of the key features of chondrocyte behavior were observed previously in tissue sections, live im ...
Cytokinesis in Tobacco BY-2 and Root Tip Cells: A
... Cells in telophase were suspended in a nonpenetrating cryoprotectant, 25% dextran (39,000 mol wt; wt/vol prepared in medium), and concentrated on a 30-/.tm nylon mesh. For high pressure freezing, an aliquot of cell slurry was transferred to gold sample holders that had been dipped in 100 mg/ml lecit ...
... Cells in telophase were suspended in a nonpenetrating cryoprotectant, 25% dextran (39,000 mol wt; wt/vol prepared in medium), and concentrated on a 30-/.tm nylon mesh. For high pressure freezing, an aliquot of cell slurry was transferred to gold sample holders that had been dipped in 100 mg/ml lecit ...
Microbial Cell Structure and Function
... • Protection from host defenses (O antigen) • Contributes to negative charge on cell surface (core polysaccharide) • Helps stabilize outer membrane structure (lipid A) • Can act as an exotoxin (lipid A) ...
... • Protection from host defenses (O antigen) • Contributes to negative charge on cell surface (core polysaccharide) • Helps stabilize outer membrane structure (lipid A) • Can act as an exotoxin (lipid A) ...
Parenchyma cells
... Parenchyma cells contain a nucleus and retain the ability for future cell division. When they are first formed, they are densely cytoplasmic and have several small vacuoles. As the cells enlarge, the vacuole size increases and intercellular spaces can form between cell walls. ...
... Parenchyma cells contain a nucleus and retain the ability for future cell division. When they are first formed, they are densely cytoplasmic and have several small vacuoles. As the cells enlarge, the vacuole size increases and intercellular spaces can form between cell walls. ...
Saito et al, 2009 - The EMBO Journal
... Membrane fission to separate COPII-coated transport carriers at the ER exit site The separation (scission) of clathrin-coated vesicles from the plasma membrane requires the dynamin GTPase. How dynamin cuts the neck of a clathrin-coated vesicle is not clear; however, it is well established that dynam ...
... Membrane fission to separate COPII-coated transport carriers at the ER exit site The separation (scission) of clathrin-coated vesicles from the plasma membrane requires the dynamin GTPase. How dynamin cuts the neck of a clathrin-coated vesicle is not clear; however, it is well established that dynam ...
PIPing on lysosome tubes
... machinery for its acidification (V-ATPase), as well as a variety of transporters and channels for ions and amino acids. LAMP2A also serves as the receptor for chaperonemediated autophagy (CMA) that together with the chaperone protein Hsc70 delivers individual proteins into the lysosome (Orenstein an ...
... machinery for its acidification (V-ATPase), as well as a variety of transporters and channels for ions and amino acids. LAMP2A also serves as the receptor for chaperonemediated autophagy (CMA) that together with the chaperone protein Hsc70 delivers individual proteins into the lysosome (Orenstein an ...
PLANT CELL WALL PROTEINS
... It took 85 million years for land plants to evolve from their green-algae ancestors. One of the most notable changes that occurred was the development of different kinds of cell walls. The vast ecological diversity of plants is directly associated with a great variety in size, shape, form, and funct ...
... It took 85 million years for land plants to evolve from their green-algae ancestors. One of the most notable changes that occurred was the development of different kinds of cell walls. The vast ecological diversity of plants is directly associated with a great variety in size, shape, form, and funct ...
Dynamics of small genetic circuits subject to stochastic partitioning
... former is able to switch between two noisy attractors (Ribeiro et al., 2006; Ribeiro and Kauffman, 2007; Zhu et al., 2007), the latter only has one noisy attractor, a limit cycle (Elowitz and Leibler, 2000; Zhu et al., 2007; Loinger and Biham, 2007). Due to their dynamic properties, these circuits a ...
... former is able to switch between two noisy attractors (Ribeiro et al., 2006; Ribeiro and Kauffman, 2007; Zhu et al., 2007), the latter only has one noisy attractor, a limit cycle (Elowitz and Leibler, 2000; Zhu et al., 2007; Loinger and Biham, 2007). Due to their dynamic properties, these circuits a ...
Chromosome Choreography: The Meiotic Ballet
... erties that might be expected SC formation (3, 20). of a pairing site (12). These The requirement for sites are able to stabilize DSB formation in synapsis pairing in their vicinity even is not universal. In Droin the presence of mutants sophila females and C. elthat block the formation of the SC (9 ...
... erties that might be expected SC formation (3, 20). of a pairing site (12). These The requirement for sites are able to stabilize DSB formation in synapsis pairing in their vicinity even is not universal. In Droin the presence of mutants sophila females and C. elthat block the formation of the SC (9 ...
Lesson Overview
... Many protists move by means of cilia and flagella, structures supported by microtubules. Cilia are short and numerous, and they move somewhat like oars on a boat. Flagella are relatively long and usually number only one or two per cell. Some flagella spin like tiny propellers, but most produce a wav ...
... Many protists move by means of cilia and flagella, structures supported by microtubules. Cilia are short and numerous, and they move somewhat like oars on a boat. Flagella are relatively long and usually number only one or two per cell. Some flagella spin like tiny propellers, but most produce a wav ...
Bacterial Filament Systems: Toward Understanding Their Emergent
... despite using a tubulin. First, the TubR/tubC kinetochore structure strongly resembles ParR/parC (30). Second, TubZ polymers treadmill in vivo (31), indicating that they are also unstable, although less so than ParM. Third, TubR/tubC stabilizes polymers, allowing TubZ filaments to form beneath their ...
... despite using a tubulin. First, the TubR/tubC kinetochore structure strongly resembles ParR/parC (30). Second, TubZ polymers treadmill in vivo (31), indicating that they are also unstable, although less so than ParM. Third, TubR/tubC stabilizes polymers, allowing TubZ filaments to form beneath their ...
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... kingdom, ranging from restoration of entire body parts to regeneration of a few tissues. Some organisms, such as planarians, can regenerate from stem cells, but others, such as amphibians, regenerate their limbs from dedifferentiated cells or from precursors of particular cell types (Tanaka and Redd ...
... kingdom, ranging from restoration of entire body parts to regeneration of a few tissues. Some organisms, such as planarians, can regenerate from stem cells, but others, such as amphibians, regenerate their limbs from dedifferentiated cells or from precursors of particular cell types (Tanaka and Redd ...
Protein Prenylation: Genes, Enzymes, Targets, and Functions
... Manyspecific proteins are posttranslationally modifiedwith prenyl groups. Most, if not all, prenylated proteins are modifiedby the attachmentof either a 15-carbonfarnesyl or a 20-carbon geranylgeranylgroup (117) in a thioether linkage to a cysteine residue. In most organisms, geranylgeranylation is ...
... Manyspecific proteins are posttranslationally modifiedwith prenyl groups. Most, if not all, prenylated proteins are modifiedby the attachmentof either a 15-carbonfarnesyl or a 20-carbon geranylgeranylgroup (117) in a thioether linkage to a cysteine residue. In most organisms, geranylgeranylation is ...
Review Convergent Extension - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
... distinct components to the overall mechanism of convergent extension in fish (Kane and Warga, 1994; Solnica-Krezel et al., 1995). The first component, termed “dorsal convergence” (Table 1), entails the directed migration of individual cells and small groups of cells toward the dorsal midline. This p ...
... distinct components to the overall mechanism of convergent extension in fish (Kane and Warga, 1994; Solnica-Krezel et al., 1995). The first component, termed “dorsal convergence” (Table 1), entails the directed migration of individual cells and small groups of cells toward the dorsal midline. This p ...
Protein translocation pathways across the inner and outer
... called as sorting and assembly machinery), and (iv) recently identified specific protein import machinery for small intermembrane space proteins4, but little is known about this pathway. Since mitochondria play essential roles in eukaryotic cells, knowledge regarding the protein import and biogenesi ...
... called as sorting and assembly machinery), and (iv) recently identified specific protein import machinery for small intermembrane space proteins4, but little is known about this pathway. Since mitochondria play essential roles in eukaryotic cells, knowledge regarding the protein import and biogenesi ...
Female Gametophyte Development in Flowering Plants
... megaspore, expresses functional megasporespecific markers. This indicates that only the chalazal megaspore is functional and suggests a position-dependent mechanism. It also implies that a decision on cell fate has been made at this stage of ovule development. In maize, a similar mutation in ameiotic ...
... megaspore, expresses functional megasporespecific markers. This indicates that only the chalazal megaspore is functional and suggests a position-dependent mechanism. It also implies that a decision on cell fate has been made at this stage of ovule development. In maize, a similar mutation in ameiotic ...
The Neuronal Membrane at Rest
... number of neurons firing action potentials in a given nerve. This type of code is partly analogous to Morse code sent down a telegraph wire; information is encoded in the pattern of electrical impulses. Cells capable of generating and conducting action potentials, which include both nerve and muscle ...
... number of neurons firing action potentials in a given nerve. This type of code is partly analogous to Morse code sent down a telegraph wire; information is encoded in the pattern of electrical impulses. Cells capable of generating and conducting action potentials, which include both nerve and muscle ...
Cytosol
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Crowded_cytosol.png?width=300)
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.