Two lineage boundaries coordinate vertebrate apical ectodermal
... marked cell clusters examined, cells were generally found only within the AER and not also in the neighboring ectoderm. In a few exceptions, cells were seen in immediately adjacent ventral ectoderm (3/13) (Fig. 2H), and in one case in dorsal ectoderm (1/9). This suggested that additional borders mig ...
... marked cell clusters examined, cells were generally found only within the AER and not also in the neighboring ectoderm. In a few exceptions, cells were seen in immediately adjacent ventral ectoderm (3/13) (Fig. 2H), and in one case in dorsal ectoderm (1/9). This suggested that additional borders mig ...
Effects of GDF-9 and FSH on in vitro development of bovine
... preimplantation embryo development was already described in the bovine species (Pennetier et al., 2006). After fertilization, to ensure formation of a diploid genome, maternal and paternal DNA must undergo remodeling and nucleoplasmin 2 (Npm-2), another oocyte-specific nuclear factor that plays an i ...
... preimplantation embryo development was already described in the bovine species (Pennetier et al., 2006). After fertilization, to ensure formation of a diploid genome, maternal and paternal DNA must undergo remodeling and nucleoplasmin 2 (Npm-2), another oocyte-specific nuclear factor that plays an i ...
The role of yolk syncytial layer and blastoderm movements during
... physiological questions. This was initiated mainly by George Streisinger and colleagues, who began genetic analysis in the zebrafish and established the methodological foundation allowing its use as a vertebrate model organism (Streisinger et al., 1981; Westerfield, 2000). Indeed, the zebrafish embr ...
... physiological questions. This was initiated mainly by George Streisinger and colleagues, who began genetic analysis in the zebrafish and established the methodological foundation allowing its use as a vertebrate model organism (Streisinger et al., 1981; Westerfield, 2000). Indeed, the zebrafish embr ...
Chromatin Fibers Observed In Situ in Frozen Hydrated Sections
... et al., 1993), and dextran cryoprotectant but not fixed. For comparison, the same material after GA fixation and conventional epoxy embedding is shown in Fig. 3 b. Both the frozen hydrated and conventionally prepared cells have nuclei filled with chromatin fibers, and, in general, features seen in t ...
... et al., 1993), and dextran cryoprotectant but not fixed. For comparison, the same material after GA fixation and conventional epoxy embedding is shown in Fig. 3 b. Both the frozen hydrated and conventionally prepared cells have nuclei filled with chromatin fibers, and, in general, features seen in t ...
Conditional expression of Mycobacterium smegmatis
... viewed as a fast-growing member of the genus Mycobacterium, its d.t. is approximately six to seven times slower than that of E. coli. In addition to their growth characteristics, some members of the mycobacteria, e.g. M. tuberculosis, are believed to maintain two physiologically distinct growth stat ...
... viewed as a fast-growing member of the genus Mycobacterium, its d.t. is approximately six to seven times slower than that of E. coli. In addition to their growth characteristics, some members of the mycobacteria, e.g. M. tuberculosis, are believed to maintain two physiologically distinct growth stat ...
Spiralian Development: A Perspective Seventy
... macromeres and the Arabic numerals 1-4 Spiral cleavage is characterized by a rota- for the first micromeres, in his description tional movement of cell parts around the of pteropod cleavage. Whitman (1878) egg axis, leading to an inclination of the who, perhaps more than any other invesdivision spin ...
... macromeres and the Arabic numerals 1-4 Spiral cleavage is characterized by a rota- for the first micromeres, in his description tional movement of cell parts around the of pteropod cleavage. Whitman (1878) egg axis, leading to an inclination of the who, perhaps more than any other invesdivision spin ...
Subcutaneous injections:
... down by the gastric acid. To avoid this, the drug is injected into the subcutaneous fat tissue beneath the skin as shown in Figure 1.1 (C). The absorption and action of many insulin formulations are associated with a considerable variability, both from patient to patient, but more importantly from i ...
... down by the gastric acid. To avoid this, the drug is injected into the subcutaneous fat tissue beneath the skin as shown in Figure 1.1 (C). The absorption and action of many insulin formulations are associated with a considerable variability, both from patient to patient, but more importantly from i ...
Lung fluid restriction affects growth but not airway branching of
... serumless medium. This suggests that the initial airway branch. ing process is controlled by intrinsic factors. Recent studies have implicated growth factors as intrinsic regulators of the branching process (Snead at al., 1989; Ganser at al.. 1991; Warburton at a/., 1992, 1993; Souza at a/., 1994). ...
... serumless medium. This suggests that the initial airway branch. ing process is controlled by intrinsic factors. Recent studies have implicated growth factors as intrinsic regulators of the branching process (Snead at al., 1989; Ganser at al.. 1991; Warburton at a/., 1992, 1993; Souza at a/., 1994). ...
Interaction of Antiparallel Microtubules in the
... terminated in regions where vesicles accumulated, others crossed the midline and overlapped (Figures 1A and 1B). Such a MT-overlapping phenomenon was also found at the later stages of cytokinesis, when a complex tubular–vesicular network was already established in the middle of the phragmoplast (Fig ...
... terminated in regions where vesicles accumulated, others crossed the midline and overlapped (Figures 1A and 1B). Such a MT-overlapping phenomenon was also found at the later stages of cytokinesis, when a complex tubular–vesicular network was already established in the middle of the phragmoplast (Fig ...
Modes of anaerobic respiration catalysed by
... halogenated compounds are required to serve as electron acceptor of Dehalococcoidia and might in part explain their abundance at marine sites. For this, a microtiter plate-based assay was established to measure reductive dehalogenase activity the key enzyme in organohalide respiration. D. mccartyi ...
... halogenated compounds are required to serve as electron acceptor of Dehalococcoidia and might in part explain their abundance at marine sites. For this, a microtiter plate-based assay was established to measure reductive dehalogenase activity the key enzyme in organohalide respiration. D. mccartyi ...
Review Role of a novel photopigment, melanopsin, in behavioral
... with an opsin nomogram [15]. Provencio et al. screened for opsin-like molecules in Xenopus laevis melanophores and were able to identify a novel opsin, which they named melanopsin [16]. Xenopus melanopsin is also found in the brain and inner retina. A mammalian melanopsin ortholog was soon identifie ...
... with an opsin nomogram [15]. Provencio et al. screened for opsin-like molecules in Xenopus laevis melanophores and were able to identify a novel opsin, which they named melanopsin [16]. Xenopus melanopsin is also found in the brain and inner retina. A mammalian melanopsin ortholog was soon identifie ...
Auxin Transport Promotes Arabidopsis Lateral Root Initiation
... The contrasting phenotypes of the alf3 and alf4 mutants suggest that indoleacetic acid (IAA) is required at several stages of lateral root development. Laskowski et al. (1995) have proposed that IAA is initially required to establish a population of rapidly dividing pericycle cells but that their de ...
... The contrasting phenotypes of the alf3 and alf4 mutants suggest that indoleacetic acid (IAA) is required at several stages of lateral root development. Laskowski et al. (1995) have proposed that IAA is initially required to establish a population of rapidly dividing pericycle cells but that their de ...
Journal of Bacteriology
... Molecular Cell Biology, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3508 TB Utrecht,2 The Netherlands Received 29 March 1988/Accepted 12 July 1988 ...
... Molecular Cell Biology, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3508 TB Utrecht,2 The Netherlands Received 29 March 1988/Accepted 12 July 1988 ...
Interaction of PIN and PGP transport mechanisms in auxin
... between cells is a plant-specific form of developmental regulation. Transport-based asymmetric auxin distribution within tissues (auxin gradients) plays an important role in many developmental processes, including patterning and tropisms (reviewed by Tanaka et al., 2006). Because the auxin molecule ...
... between cells is a plant-specific form of developmental regulation. Transport-based asymmetric auxin distribution within tissues (auxin gradients) plays an important role in many developmental processes, including patterning and tropisms (reviewed by Tanaka et al., 2006). Because the auxin molecule ...
... frequently were found associated with the three-way junctions of ER tubules, where they often remained stable for tens of seconds. Occasionally, individual stacks appeared to break free from the cortical ER network and traverse the cytoplasm before rejoining the network (Figure 2A, arrows). These Go ...
Autophagy and pancreatitis
... Thus the efficiency of autophagic flux depends primarily on the rates of formation and degradative activity of autolysosomes, the latter being controlled by the levels and proteolytic activities of lysosomal hydrolases, the LAMPs, intralysosomal pH, and other factors. Because the properties and func ...
... Thus the efficiency of autophagic flux depends primarily on the rates of formation and degradative activity of autolysosomes, the latter being controlled by the levels and proteolytic activities of lysosomal hydrolases, the LAMPs, intralysosomal pH, and other factors. Because the properties and func ...
ภาพนิ่ง 1
... plant in a dormant state are said to exhibit primary dormancy. Seeds that are released from the plant in a nondormant state, but that become dormant if the conditions for germination are ...
... plant in a dormant state are said to exhibit primary dormancy. Seeds that are released from the plant in a nondormant state, but that become dormant if the conditions for germination are ...
Evidence that FGF8 signalling from the midbrain
... polarity is plastic at the time of the experiment (2 days of incubation) and implicating signals from adjacent tissue in mesencephalic rostrocaudal patterning and En-2 regulation. Additionally, ectopic mesencephalic structures resulting from isthmic grafts into the diencephalon display both an En-2 ...
... polarity is plastic at the time of the experiment (2 days of incubation) and implicating signals from adjacent tissue in mesencephalic rostrocaudal patterning and En-2 regulation. Additionally, ectopic mesencephalic structures resulting from isthmic grafts into the diencephalon display both an En-2 ...
... 2010a). Suberin consists of a complex cell wall polymer which is used by land plants to regulate the apoplastic transport of water (see, among others, Bernards, 2002; Ranathunge et al., 2011; Beisson et al., 2012), being composed of an aliphatic domain cross-linked with a lignin-like aromatic domai ...
Pathology of The Parathyroid Glands
... parathyroidectomies performed by one surgeon, the incidence of double adenoma was 3.2%. These operations were performed with intraoperative parathyroid hormone measurements and the patients were cured (eucalcemic) on follow-up. ...
... parathyroidectomies performed by one surgeon, the incidence of double adenoma was 3.2%. These operations were performed with intraoperative parathyroid hormone measurements and the patients were cured (eucalcemic) on follow-up. ...
Four-cell stage mouse blastomeres have different developmental
... aggregated with other, ‘carrier’, blastomeres. Such studies provided evidence that four-cell blastomeres can retain the ability to form ICM and trophectoderm lineages (Hillman et al., 1972; Kelly, 1977). They also showed that individual four-cell blastomeres, when aggregated with carrier cells, were ...
... aggregated with other, ‘carrier’, blastomeres. Such studies provided evidence that four-cell blastomeres can retain the ability to form ICM and trophectoderm lineages (Hillman et al., 1972; Kelly, 1977). They also showed that individual four-cell blastomeres, when aggregated with carrier cells, were ...
Structure and function of the notochord: an essential
... genes in hemichordates (Lowe et al., 2003), which might give a clear indication of the relationship between stomochord and notochord. An analysis of the expression of brachyury, a gene normally associated with notochord development, in the hemichordate Ptychodera flava revealed, however, that brachy ...
... genes in hemichordates (Lowe et al., 2003), which might give a clear indication of the relationship between stomochord and notochord. An analysis of the expression of brachyury, a gene normally associated with notochord development, in the hemichordate Ptychodera flava revealed, however, that brachy ...
1 PATHOLOGY OF PROSTATE FA
... the cells of PIN and the cells of the typical prostate adenocarcinoma. Historically PIN was divided into three grades, based primarily upon the extent and frequency of nuclear histological abnormalities.18 This publication provided both illustrations and detailed histological criteria for the grades ...
... the cells of PIN and the cells of the typical prostate adenocarcinoma. Historically PIN was divided into three grades, based primarily upon the extent and frequency of nuclear histological abnormalities.18 This publication provided both illustrations and detailed histological criteria for the grades ...
Mitochondrial fusion dynamics is robust in the heart and depends on
... cristae arrays indicate that physical structures support the communication among cardiac mitochondria (12). Reports on genetic targeting of mitochondrial fusion or fission in cardiacderived cell lines (13) and neonatal cardiomyocytes (14), as well as regulation of mitochondrial fission by [Ca2+]c tr ...
... cristae arrays indicate that physical structures support the communication among cardiac mitochondria (12). Reports on genetic targeting of mitochondrial fusion or fission in cardiacderived cell lines (13) and neonatal cardiomyocytes (14), as well as regulation of mitochondrial fission by [Ca2+]c tr ...
Growing models of vertebrate limb development - ICB-USP
... grows out under the influence of signalling from the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), proximodistal (PD) positional values are specified progressively by the length of time cells spend in an undifferentiated region at the bud tip called the progress zone (Summerbell et al., 1973). Cells that spend a s ...
... grows out under the influence of signalling from the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), proximodistal (PD) positional values are specified progressively by the length of time cells spend in an undifferentiated region at the bud tip called the progress zone (Summerbell et al., 1973). Cells that spend a s ...
Tissue engineering
Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological functions. While it was once categorized as a sub-field of biomaterials, having grown in scope and importance it can be considered as a field in its own right.While most definitions of tissue engineering cover a broad range of applications, in practice the term is closely associated with applications that repair or replace portions of or whole tissues (i.e., bone, cartilage, blood vessels, bladder, skin, muscle etc.). Often, the tissues involved require certain mechanical and structural properties for proper functioning. The term has also been applied to efforts to perform specific biochemical functions using cells within an artificially-created support system (e.g. an artificial pancreas, or a bio artificial liver). The term regenerative medicine is often used synonymously with tissue engineering, although those involved in regenerative medicine place more emphasis on the use of stem cells or progenitor cells to produce tissues.