Regulation of leg size and shape by the Dachsous
... growth factor receptor (Gb’Egfr) is then induced by Decapentaplegic (Gb’Dpp) and Wingless (Gb’Wg) in a blastema composed of epithelial stem cells, which begins to undergo rapid proliferation to restore the lost portion in the fourth instar (Fig. 1B) (Mito et al., 2002; Nakamura et al., 2008b). In th ...
... growth factor receptor (Gb’Egfr) is then induced by Decapentaplegic (Gb’Dpp) and Wingless (Gb’Wg) in a blastema composed of epithelial stem cells, which begins to undergo rapid proliferation to restore the lost portion in the fourth instar (Fig. 1B) (Mito et al., 2002; Nakamura et al., 2008b). In th ...
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... growth factor receptor (Gb’Egfr) is then induced by Decapentaplegic (Gb’Dpp) and Wingless (Gb’Wg) in a blastema composed of epithelial stem cells, which begins to undergo rapid proliferation to restore the lost portion in the fourth instar (Fig. 1B) (Mito et al., 2002; Nakamura et al., 2008b). In th ...
... growth factor receptor (Gb’Egfr) is then induced by Decapentaplegic (Gb’Dpp) and Wingless (Gb’Wg) in a blastema composed of epithelial stem cells, which begins to undergo rapid proliferation to restore the lost portion in the fourth instar (Fig. 1B) (Mito et al., 2002; Nakamura et al., 2008b). In th ...
The maxillary recess of the sphenoid sinus
... endonasal approach of the PPF [8], an anatomic variation at this level can alter the procedure. The presence at the upper part of the PPF in that wall of it of a maxillary recess of the sphenoid sinus, undocumented prior to the intervention, will make probable the sphenoid sinus opening, with consec ...
... endonasal approach of the PPF [8], an anatomic variation at this level can alter the procedure. The presence at the upper part of the PPF in that wall of it of a maxillary recess of the sphenoid sinus, undocumented prior to the intervention, will make probable the sphenoid sinus opening, with consec ...
Guard cell photosynthesis and stomatal function
... Chloroplasts are a key feature of most guard cells; however, the function of these organelles in stomatal responses has been a subject of debate. This review examines evidence for and against a role of guard cell chloroplasts in stimulating stomatal opening. Controversy remains over the extent to wh ...
... Chloroplasts are a key feature of most guard cells; however, the function of these organelles in stomatal responses has been a subject of debate. This review examines evidence for and against a role of guard cell chloroplasts in stimulating stomatal opening. Controversy remains over the extent to wh ...
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... over multiple embryos; smaller variability in tissue deformation between embryos from the average map indicates that the morphogenetic process is more robust and deterministic. Once the map is quantified, local tissue deformation can be characterized by using a deformation gradient tensor calculated ...
... over multiple embryos; smaller variability in tissue deformation between embryos from the average map indicates that the morphogenetic process is more robust and deterministic. Once the map is quantified, local tissue deformation can be characterized by using a deformation gradient tensor calculated ...
The identification of transcription factors expressed in the notochord
... body plan, the network of transcriptional regulators controlling its development remains incompletely characterized in any model system. Nevertheless, it is generally acknowledged that one transcriptional regulator necessary for notochord formation in all chordates is the T-box transcription factor ...
... body plan, the network of transcriptional regulators controlling its development remains incompletely characterized in any model system. Nevertheless, it is generally acknowledged that one transcriptional regulator necessary for notochord formation in all chordates is the T-box transcription factor ...
Signals from the lysosome: a control centre for cellular clearance
... trafficking by mediating the attachment of lysosomes to the transport machinery2,196. The lysosomal nutrient sensing (LYNUS) machinery includes several protein complexes that interact on the lysosomal surface, and its role is to sense the nutrient content of the lysosome and signal the information t ...
... trafficking by mediating the attachment of lysosomes to the transport machinery2,196. The lysosomal nutrient sensing (LYNUS) machinery includes several protein complexes that interact on the lysosomal surface, and its role is to sense the nutrient content of the lysosome and signal the information t ...
Masking the Pathogen: Evolutionary Strategies of Fungi and Their
... complementation restored capsule expression and virulence. These genes are specific to Cryptococcus and suggest unique fungal processes involved in capsular synthesis. For example, while bacterial capsular PSs are synthesized by plasma membrane glycosyltransferases and assembled extracellularly, the ...
... complementation restored capsule expression and virulence. These genes are specific to Cryptococcus and suggest unique fungal processes involved in capsular synthesis. For example, while bacterial capsular PSs are synthesized by plasma membrane glycosyltransferases and assembled extracellularly, the ...
the signaling role of the accessory receptors cd2 and cd6 in t cell
... glycoprotein, whose expression is largely restricted to peripheral T lymphocytes and medullary thymocytes, has been known to play a role in T cell activation. We have cloned by PCR the rat homologue of CD6 and biochemical analysis showed that CD6 interacts with CD5 at the surface of T lymphocytes an ...
... glycoprotein, whose expression is largely restricted to peripheral T lymphocytes and medullary thymocytes, has been known to play a role in T cell activation. We have cloned by PCR the rat homologue of CD6 and biochemical analysis showed that CD6 interacts with CD5 at the surface of T lymphocytes an ...
Cdc6 in S phase in human cells - Journal of Cell Science
... implying that in late G1, nuclear protein export does not control nuclear Cdc6 levels. However, as a number of soluble export factors can be lost from isolated nuclei (Kehlenbach et al., 1998) it is likely that nuclear protein export does not function optimally in our system. This has allowed identi ...
... implying that in late G1, nuclear protein export does not control nuclear Cdc6 levels. However, as a number of soluble export factors can be lost from isolated nuclei (Kehlenbach et al., 1998) it is likely that nuclear protein export does not function optimally in our system. This has allowed identi ...
FtsZ - Cytoskeleton, Inc.
... cell division. FtsZ inactivation inhibits cell division, making them attractive targets for novel anti-microbial drugs. Although FtsZ proteins exhibit a degree of homology, inhibitors of the proteins show differential affinities and efficacies. Thus, improved targeting can be achieved by screening s ...
... cell division. FtsZ inactivation inhibits cell division, making them attractive targets for novel anti-microbial drugs. Although FtsZ proteins exhibit a degree of homology, inhibitors of the proteins show differential affinities and efficacies. Thus, improved targeting can be achieved by screening s ...
Adhesion and Adhesives of Fungi and Oomycetes
... mannoproteins that are posttranslationally covalently cross-linked to the cell wall β1,6-glucans. Adhesins typically have tandem repeats; adhesins such as the C. albicans ALS family bind to both specific cell types and to plastic. We postulate that the mannoprotein glues from plant pathogenic fungi ...
... mannoproteins that are posttranslationally covalently cross-linked to the cell wall β1,6-glucans. Adhesins typically have tandem repeats; adhesins such as the C. albicans ALS family bind to both specific cell types and to plastic. We postulate that the mannoprotein glues from plant pathogenic fungi ...
Comparative Cell Biology and Evolution of Annexins in Diplomonads
... (PS), with some minor binding also to phosphatidylglycerol (PG), all in a Ca2⫹dependent fashion (Fig. 2B; see Fig. S2B and 3 in the supplemental material). Annexin 5 binding was weaker under the conditions assayed, but Ca2⫹-dependent binding to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PtdIns(4)P] and sulfa ...
... (PS), with some minor binding also to phosphatidylglycerol (PG), all in a Ca2⫹dependent fashion (Fig. 2B; see Fig. S2B and 3 in the supplemental material). Annexin 5 binding was weaker under the conditions assayed, but Ca2⫹-dependent binding to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PtdIns(4)P] and sulfa ...
The Ph1 Locus Suppresses Cdk2-Type Activity during Premeiosis
... each of the replication stages that we categorized, in the presence and absence of Ph1. These whole anther sections typically contain between four and eight meiocytes, surrounded by the tapetal cell layer. The total number of meiocytes scored using 3D images stacks within these anther sections was 6 ...
... each of the replication stages that we categorized, in the presence and absence of Ph1. These whole anther sections typically contain between four and eight meiocytes, surrounded by the tapetal cell layer. The total number of meiocytes scored using 3D images stacks within these anther sections was 6 ...
Molecular Genetics of the RNA Polymerase II General
... the GTFs are indeed “general” factors, required for expression of most, perhaps all, class II genes. Thus, the process of transcription initiation by RNA pol II is highly conserved among eukaryotic organisms, allowing for the experimental advantages offered by different organisms to be exploited to ...
... the GTFs are indeed “general” factors, required for expression of most, perhaps all, class II genes. Thus, the process of transcription initiation by RNA pol II is highly conserved among eukaryotic organisms, allowing for the experimental advantages offered by different organisms to be exploited to ...
FGF signalling: diverse roles during early vertebrate embryogenesis
... FGF signalling is required for the formation of axial and paraxial mesoderm, the two mesodermal cell types that are primarily responsible for orchestrating the movements of gastrulation, it could not easily be discerned whether the defect in cell movements was a direct or indirect effect, mediated b ...
... FGF signalling is required for the formation of axial and paraxial mesoderm, the two mesodermal cell types that are primarily responsible for orchestrating the movements of gastrulation, it could not easily be discerned whether the defect in cell movements was a direct or indirect effect, mediated b ...
Interaction of Antiparallel Microtubules in the
... vesicles began to accumulate at the division site, long MTs were frequently detected in the phragmoplast formed between two reforming daughter nuclei (Figure 1A). Although many MTs were terminated in regions where vesicles accumulated, others crossed the midline and overlapped (Figures 1A and 1B). S ...
... vesicles began to accumulate at the division site, long MTs were frequently detected in the phragmoplast formed between two reforming daughter nuclei (Figure 1A). Although many MTs were terminated in regions where vesicles accumulated, others crossed the midline and overlapped (Figures 1A and 1B). S ...
Wood - 2010 - Nat Rev Genet
... associate with the nucleolus. Condensin binds all yeast tDNA genes24,25, and disruption of any condensin subunit causes the dispersal of tDNA clusters and infrequent association with the nucleolus. Chemical inhibition of RNAPIII transcription has little effect on condensin binding to tDNA loci, show ...
... associate with the nucleolus. Condensin binds all yeast tDNA genes24,25, and disruption of any condensin subunit causes the dispersal of tDNA clusters and infrequent association with the nucleolus. Chemical inhibition of RNAPIII transcription has little effect on condensin binding to tDNA loci, show ...
Location and Size of Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Cell
... nigra (SN), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and retrorubral field (RrF) project to the striatum, cortex, and nucleus accumbens (Björklund and Lindvall, 1984). They modulate a variety of functions, such as movement, rewarding, cognition, and feeding (Zhou and Palmiter, 1995; Cooper et al., 2001). A dy ...
... nigra (SN), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and retrorubral field (RrF) project to the striatum, cortex, and nucleus accumbens (Björklund and Lindvall, 1984). They modulate a variety of functions, such as movement, rewarding, cognition, and feeding (Zhou and Palmiter, 1995; Cooper et al., 2001). A dy ...
Does the baculovirus sulfhydryl oxidase Ac92 associate with and
... Ac92 could have an inhibitory function. Prevent apoptosis Prevent cell cycle arrest ...
... Ac92 could have an inhibitory function. Prevent apoptosis Prevent cell cycle arrest ...
Telomeres do the (un)twist: helicase actions at chromosome termini
... Telomere end processing. The replication products of both leading and lagging strand synthesis at telomeres require processing to generate the 3’ G-rich overhangs, which are ~12-14 nt and ~50-200 nt in length in S. cerevisiae and in human cells, respectively (Fig. 3). The product of leading strand s ...
... Telomere end processing. The replication products of both leading and lagging strand synthesis at telomeres require processing to generate the 3’ G-rich overhangs, which are ~12-14 nt and ~50-200 nt in length in S. cerevisiae and in human cells, respectively (Fig. 3). The product of leading strand s ...
Retinoblastoma Protein Contains a C-terminal - Bio
... cyclin-cdk2 complexes. This model is supported by analysis of the cyclin A-cdk2-p27 crystal structure (79). We previously showed that a peptide replica of the abovementioned motif, derived from E2F1, blocked the phosphorylation of pRB by cyclin A-associated kinase activity (2). pRB, unlike E2F1 and ...
... cyclin-cdk2 complexes. This model is supported by analysis of the cyclin A-cdk2-p27 crystal structure (79). We previously showed that a peptide replica of the abovementioned motif, derived from E2F1, blocked the phosphorylation of pRB by cyclin A-associated kinase activity (2). pRB, unlike E2F1 and ...
Pancreas or liver choice within endoderm
... Temporal and spatial relation between pancreas and liver specification We first sought to define the exact time and place where the earliest markers of the pancreas and liver are activated. RT-PCR was used to investigate Pdx1 gene expression in endoderm fragments dissected from the ventral foregut o ...
... Temporal and spatial relation between pancreas and liver specification We first sought to define the exact time and place where the earliest markers of the pancreas and liver are activated. RT-PCR was used to investigate Pdx1 gene expression in endoderm fragments dissected from the ventral foregut o ...
Origins of DNA Replication - DNA Replication and Human Disease
... Replication origins in simple genomes are composed of modular units acting in concert to determine where and when DNA replication will occur (Table 1). In this sense, replication origins are equivalent to transcription promoters, but whereas each promoter is uniquely responsible for transcription of ...
... Replication origins in simple genomes are composed of modular units acting in concert to determine where and when DNA replication will occur (Table 1). In this sense, replication origins are equivalent to transcription promoters, but whereas each promoter is uniquely responsible for transcription of ...
Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells. In prokaryotes which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle can be divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the cell splits itself into two distinct daughter cells. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the new cell is completely divided. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division.