Understanding the role of growth factors in embryonic development
... potentiate the effects of FGF on rat lens epithelial explants, leading to a fibre-differentiation response [27,29 – 31]. This is consistent with studies on chick lens cells that showed roles for insulin/IGF [32], EGF/ transforming growth factor (TGF)-a [33,34] and also bone morphogenetic proteins (B ...
... potentiate the effects of FGF on rat lens epithelial explants, leading to a fibre-differentiation response [27,29 – 31]. This is consistent with studies on chick lens cells that showed roles for insulin/IGF [32], EGF/ transforming growth factor (TGF)-a [33,34] and also bone morphogenetic proteins (B ...
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... Nakatani et al., 1999), but the notochord cells appear rounded and fail to adopt the wild-type 1⫻40 ‘stack of coins’ morphology. Markers for other embryonic tissues, including tail muscle, nervous system and epidermis, are correctly expressed within the context of a short and aberrant tail (Deschet ...
... Nakatani et al., 1999), but the notochord cells appear rounded and fail to adopt the wild-type 1⫻40 ‘stack of coins’ morphology. Markers for other embryonic tissues, including tail muscle, nervous system and epidermis, are correctly expressed within the context of a short and aberrant tail (Deschet ...
Plasma Membrane Ghosts Form Differently When Produced from
... (Fig. 5A), but like type II ghosts, they lacked microtubules although neighbouring type I ghosts retained normal microtubules (Fig. 5B). Because of their rarity, however, type III ghosts were not studied further. Type II ghosts derive from protoplasts trapped in division—While the type I ghosts deri ...
... (Fig. 5A), but like type II ghosts, they lacked microtubules although neighbouring type I ghosts retained normal microtubules (Fig. 5B). Because of their rarity, however, type III ghosts were not studied further. Type II ghosts derive from protoplasts trapped in division—While the type I ghosts deri ...
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... relieved and SMO can trigger an intracellular signalling cascade. Initial studies suggesting that PTC and SMO form a physical complex have been refuted, as PTC was shown to inhibit SMO sub-stoichiometrically, indicating that a catalytic mechanism must be at work [5,6]. The structural similarity of P ...
... relieved and SMO can trigger an intracellular signalling cascade. Initial studies suggesting that PTC and SMO form a physical complex have been refuted, as PTC was shown to inhibit SMO sub-stoichiometrically, indicating that a catalytic mechanism must be at work [5,6]. The structural similarity of P ...
Spatiotemporal Patterning of Reactive Oxygen Production and Ca2+
... abolished the Ca2cyt wave (Figures 4D and 4E; n 8). This raises the likelihood that the peripheral ROS increase resulted from the extracellular production of ROS by the activity of plasma membrane–associated NADPH oxidase, leading to diffusion of H 2O2 into the cell. The critical role of extracel ...
... abolished the Ca2cyt wave (Figures 4D and 4E; n 8). This raises the likelihood that the peripheral ROS increase resulted from the extracellular production of ROS by the activity of plasma membrane–associated NADPH oxidase, leading to diffusion of H 2O2 into the cell. The critical role of extracel ...
Identification of a Preinitiation Step in DNA Replication That Is
... Using footprinting patterns to examine protein–DNA interactions at origin sequences in yeast, Diffley and coworkers have shown that origins oscillate between two states during the cell cycle. The prereplicative state forms during G1 and requires both ORC and cdc6 proteins (Cocker et al., 1996; Santo ...
... Using footprinting patterns to examine protein–DNA interactions at origin sequences in yeast, Diffley and coworkers have shown that origins oscillate between two states during the cell cycle. The prereplicative state forms during G1 and requires both ORC and cdc6 proteins (Cocker et al., 1996; Santo ...
Good news in the nuclear envelope: loss of lamin A might be a gain
... might reduce levels of mature lamin A, since FTIs also inhibit the maturation of wild-type lamin A. In light of the dispensability of lamin A, these concerns are now greatly ameliorated for both approaches, although it is still unknown whether FTIs might have negative effects on other farnesylated p ...
... might reduce levels of mature lamin A, since FTIs also inhibit the maturation of wild-type lamin A. In light of the dispensability of lamin A, these concerns are now greatly ameliorated for both approaches, although it is still unknown whether FTIs might have negative effects on other farnesylated p ...
Arpp19 and Cdc6, two major regulators of the meiotic division
... than a “ping pong player”!). Her assistance has proved essential during these 4 years, especially in the complicated period where the Ph.D. manuscript was being prepared. I’m sure this “race against ti ...
... than a “ping pong player”!). Her assistance has proved essential during these 4 years, especially in the complicated period where the Ph.D. manuscript was being prepared. I’m sure this “race against ti ...
The role of mitochondria in aging
... DNA damage, for example, damage caused by ROS, or by replication errors during normal mtDNA synthesis (42). It is intuitive to assume that the de novo mtDNA mutations observed during aging are due to accumulated, unrepaired damage, but some evidence actually suggests that replication errors may be t ...
... DNA damage, for example, damage caused by ROS, or by replication errors during normal mtDNA synthesis (42). It is intuitive to assume that the de novo mtDNA mutations observed during aging are due to accumulated, unrepaired damage, but some evidence actually suggests that replication errors may be t ...
Cell Functions Phospholipid-Binding Motif that Regulates T Subunit
... In addition to its PRS and ITAM, the CD3 subunit also contains a basic-rich stretch (BRS) of amino acids within the juxtamembrane portion of its cytoplasmic tail (Fig. 1A) (9). Although all three subdomains can interact with proteins, the BRS has uniquely been found to bind acidic phospholipids (1 ...
... In addition to its PRS and ITAM, the CD3 subunit also contains a basic-rich stretch (BRS) of amino acids within the juxtamembrane portion of its cytoplasmic tail (Fig. 1A) (9). Although all three subdomains can interact with proteins, the BRS has uniquely been found to bind acidic phospholipids (1 ...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
... was more noticeable in negatively stained samples (Fig. 6) where twisted microfibrils were occasionally observed. The width of the microfibrils was fairly uniform giving values of about 15 nm and 10 nm, respectively, for the cross-section. When samples were incubated to prepare microfibrils with hig ...
... was more noticeable in negatively stained samples (Fig. 6) where twisted microfibrils were occasionally observed. The width of the microfibrils was fairly uniform giving values of about 15 nm and 10 nm, respectively, for the cross-section. When samples were incubated to prepare microfibrils with hig ...
Plasma membrane HATPase regulation is required for auxin
... Concerning active auxin transport, a starting modeling assumption in our model supported by experimental evidence is that upon unilateral blue light irradiation, PIN3 is polar in the endodermal cells on the lit side (Ding et al, 2011). In all other tissues, PINs and ABCBs are expressed apolarly. We ...
... Concerning active auxin transport, a starting modeling assumption in our model supported by experimental evidence is that upon unilateral blue light irradiation, PIN3 is polar in the endodermal cells on the lit side (Ding et al, 2011). In all other tissues, PINs and ABCBs are expressed apolarly. We ...
Effect of ABA signalling in primary cell wall Minor Thesis Report
... Numerous studies of molecular, biochemical and genetic research describe three main components involves in ABA signalling pathway; type 2C protein phosphatase (PP2C), SNF1 related protein kinase (SnRKs) and soluble ABA receptors Pyrabactin resistant (PYR/PYL) and regulatory components of ABA recepto ...
... Numerous studies of molecular, biochemical and genetic research describe three main components involves in ABA signalling pathway; type 2C protein phosphatase (PP2C), SNF1 related protein kinase (SnRKs) and soluble ABA receptors Pyrabactin resistant (PYR/PYL) and regulatory components of ABA recepto ...
Golgi-SNARE GS28 potentiates cisplatin
... protein α) and CITED2 {CBP [CREB (cAMP-response-elementbinding protein)-binding protein]/p300-interacting transactivator, with glutamate/aspartate-rich C-terminal domain 2}, as being consistently overexpressed in cisplatin-resistant cells [12–14]. Notably, the products of these two ‘chemoresistance’ ...
... protein α) and CITED2 {CBP [CREB (cAMP-response-elementbinding protein)-binding protein]/p300-interacting transactivator, with glutamate/aspartate-rich C-terminal domain 2}, as being consistently overexpressed in cisplatin-resistant cells [12–14]. Notably, the products of these two ‘chemoresistance’ ...
A role for actin in regulating apoptosis/programmed cell death
... apoptosome in mammalian cells. However, although cytochrome c release may play a role in apoptosis in other organisms, such as in the yeast S. cerevisiae [38], apoptosome-like structures are yet to be described outside of mammalian systems. Nevertheless, the conservation of other regulators of mitoc ...
... apoptosome in mammalian cells. However, although cytochrome c release may play a role in apoptosis in other organisms, such as in the yeast S. cerevisiae [38], apoptosome-like structures are yet to be described outside of mammalian systems. Nevertheless, the conservation of other regulators of mitoc ...
Apoptotic and Epigenetic Induction of Embryo Failure Following
... demonstrated that each cell of an embryo contained the entire complement of genes necessary to carry out development. He accomplished this by separating individual blastomeres from developing sea urchin embryos and observed that each blastomere had the capacity to develop into a separate embryo (Spe ...
... demonstrated that each cell of an embryo contained the entire complement of genes necessary to carry out development. He accomplished this by separating individual blastomeres from developing sea urchin embryos and observed that each blastomere had the capacity to develop into a separate embryo (Spe ...
Profilin regulates the activity of p42 , a novel Myb
... environment, p42POP and profilin are found in the same protein complex. In luciferase assays, p42POP acts as repressor and this activity is substantially reduced by profilins, indicating that profilin can regulate p42POP activity and is therefore involved in gene regulation. ...
... environment, p42POP and profilin are found in the same protein complex. In luciferase assays, p42POP acts as repressor and this activity is substantially reduced by profilins, indicating that profilin can regulate p42POP activity and is therefore involved in gene regulation. ...
Dazl regulates mouse embryonic germ cell development
... In the mouse, germ cells can undergo differentiation to become either oocytes or spermatozoa in response to sex of their gonadal environment. The nature of the germ cell-intrinsic aspects of this signaling have not been well studied. The earliest known sex-specific difference in germ cells is the in ...
... In the mouse, germ cells can undergo differentiation to become either oocytes or spermatozoa in response to sex of their gonadal environment. The nature of the germ cell-intrinsic aspects of this signaling have not been well studied. The earliest known sex-specific difference in germ cells is the in ...
Classes of programmed cell death in plants
... (Gunawardena et al., 2001), condensation of the nucleus to a smaller diameter (Yamada et al., 2003, 2006a, b) and breakup of the nucleus into smaller fragments (Yamada et al., 2001, 2003, 2006a, b; Kladnik et al., 2004). These changes generally occur before tonoplast rupture. In some examples of ‘au ...
... (Gunawardena et al., 2001), condensation of the nucleus to a smaller diameter (Yamada et al., 2003, 2006a, b) and breakup of the nucleus into smaller fragments (Yamada et al., 2001, 2003, 2006a, b; Kladnik et al., 2004). These changes generally occur before tonoplast rupture. In some examples of ‘au ...
Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells. In prokaryotes which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle can be divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the cell splits itself into two distinct daughter cells. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the new cell is completely divided. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division.